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S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

Chapter 4

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1
Q

Denature of proteins

A

Protein loses its shape and loses its function. Some can re-nature.
- changes in temperature - changes in pH - radiation - presence of certain hazardous chemicals

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2
Q

Organic molecules

A

C-C or C-H covalent bonds

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3
Q

Glycogen

A

Polymer of glucose is a macromolecule and main polysaccharide in the body.

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4
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine and ribose sugar attached to 3 phosphates.

  • high energy bonds that are broken during cataboli reactions energy released is transferred to newly formed compounds
  • used to do body’s work
  • form of energy cells generally use
  • energy currency
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5
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

1+ double bonds because not all of the chains carbons are saturated with hydrogens.

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6
Q

Saturated fat

A

All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled with hydrogen atoms (no double bonds)

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7
Q

Tripeptide

A

3 amino acids

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8
Q

Polymer

A

Made up of identical units

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9
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins, 21 commonly occurring and 21 in almost all proteins
- 8 essential and 13 nonessential

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10
Q

NAD+ and FAD

A

Act as coenzymes to shuttle electrons

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11
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Contains clusters of more than one polypeptide chain, all linked together into one giant molecule

  • antibodies and hemoglobin
  • chaperones: preset in every cell and direct the steps required for many proteins to fold into twists /convulsed shapes required form them to function properly
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12
Q

Liquids (lipids)

A

Unsaturated - more double bonds, more liquid

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13
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA, huge organic molecules that contain C H O P N

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14
Q

Proteins

A

All contain C H O N and race metals

  • more complex than carbohydrates / lipids
  • many functions and responsible for structures of many body tissues
  • most abundant of organic compounds in body
  • chainlike polymers composed of multiple subunits linked end to end - these building blocks are amino acids
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15
Q

Phospholipid components

A

Fat compounds similar to triglycerides.

1 phosphorus / nitrogen (hydrophilic) + 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic) + 1 glycerol

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16
Q

DNA

A

Largest molecule in body. Composed of sugar deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and phosphate. Consists of 2 long chains coiled into double helix. Unique to each individual

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17
Q

Major compounds

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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18
Q

Double helix

A

Sugar-phosphate form backbone, bases point inwards towards bases on other chain and hydrogen bonds connect.
A-T and G-C

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Gain H2O and break down compound

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20
Q

Prostaglandin influences

A

Negative or positive PGs alter menstrual cycle experience (different types of cramps) Also influence blood pressure, secretion of digestive juices, enhance body’s immune system/inflammatory response, and blood clotting and respiration.

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21
Q

Peptide chain

A

4-9 amino acids

22
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Polypeptide chain is so twisted that its coils touch one another in many places and interlocking connections occur

23
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

Primary source of energy needed by every cell - structural role in RNA and DNA - cell membrane component - extracellular matrix - and dietary fiber, which promotes GI health.

24
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Often join amino acids by binding the carbonyl group to the amino group. O- and 2H will split off to form water.

25
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

26
Q

RNA

A

Long chain of nucleotide units in single strand (usually). Consist of nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and phosphate

27
Q

Nitrogenous base

A
  • Purine (double-ring): adenin and guanine

- Pyrimidine (single ring): cytosine and thymine

28
Q

Free radicals

A

Functional group temporarily unattached and highly reactive because of unpaired electrons

29
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Chains are coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by H bonds

  • apply helix: clockwise coil
  • motif: imparts specific to function to each protein in which it appears
30
Q

Protiens (structure and function)

A

Structure determines Function

  • Structural: form structures of cells, tissues, and organs with various unique shapes and compositions
  • Functional: cause chemical changes in molecules (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin)
31
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Water removed as multiple monosaccharides join

32
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids

33
Q

Steroids

A

Involved in many structural and functional roles throughout the body

34
Q

Functions of lipids (6)

A

Energy source - structure (integral parts of cell membranes) - vitamins (fat soluble) - protection (fat surrounds and protects organs) - insulation (fat under skin minimizes heat loss) - regulation (steroid hormones / PG regulation)

35
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs)

A

Play an important role regulating the effects of several hormones, influences blood pressure enhance the body’s immune system and inflammatory response. Formed/released from cell membrane in response to stimulus, they have a very local efffect then inactivated.

36
Q

Cholesterol

A

In plasma membrane surrounding every body cell. Stabilizer / required for reactions key to survival. Body modifies cholesterol to make cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone, bile salts, and calatriol.

37
Q

Protein function

A
  • structure: collagen/elastin in tissues
  • catalyze chemical rxns: salivary amylase
  • transport: hemoglobin is a protein
  • receptors: binding sites for proteins on cell surface
38
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two simple sugars bonded together, linked together by dehydration synthesis (removal of oxygen). Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

39
Q

Amino Acid shape

A 
H      R
           |       |
H+ —  N — C — C — O-
           |              ||
          H             O
-R: functional group or radical that constitutes the unique/eidntifying part of amino acid
-Positive amino group
-Negative caorboxyl group
40
Q

Functional groups

A

Certain arrangements of atoms attached to carbon core of many organic molecules (Radicals)

41
Q

Nucleotides

A

ATP - creatine phosphate - NAD+ and FAD

42
Q

Phospholipid function

A

Molecules can bridge two different chemical environments (form bilayers) and are a primary component of cell membranes

43
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Prolonged or intense exercise and ATP is in short supply, CP used for extra energy. Amino acid derivative and phosphate. THe phosphate is released and added to ADP, re-charging it.

44
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Refers to number, kind, and sequence of amino acid that make up the polypeptide chain

45
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1. Include sugars and starches.

46
Q

RNA function

A

Act as temporary copies of master code of DNA. Some regulate cell function - ribosomes edit code.

47
Q

Solids (lipids)

A

Saturated - no double bonds so molecules are very close together

48
Q

Dehydration syntesis

A

Condensation or loss of H2O during the formation of a large compound

49
Q

_tRNA

A

Transfer amino acid to correct sequence when building protein

50
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars with short carbon chains in a 6 (hexose) or 5 (pentose) carbon chain. Ribose and deoxyribose. Galactose, glucose, and fructose

51
Q

Lipids

A

Water insoluble organic molecules that are nonpolar. Composed of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, some contain phosphorus and nitrogen

52
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats. Most abundant and most concentrated source of energy. Made from 3 fatty acids +1 glycerol (when catabolized, ATP produced)

S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 (24 decks)

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