Week 1 Flashcards
Intro to human body, homeostasis, planes, directions, and positions
Body lying face up
Supine
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant RUQ
Left upper quadrant LUQ
Right lower quadrant RLQ
Left lower quadrant LLQ
Thumb movements
Flexion, extension, opposition, adduction, and abduction
Organ level
Structure made up of. Two of more different types of tissue that perform a special function together
Knee movements
Flexion, extension, lateral rotation of the flexed knee, and medial rotation of the flexed knee
Elbow and forearm movements
Elbow flexion, elbow extension, supination of the forearm, and pronation of the forearm
Feed-forward
Info may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow (eating- stomach send signals to small intestine before food arrives)
LUQ
Stomach, spleen
Spine and thorax movements
Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
Ribs/thorax movements
Elevation/expansion and depression/collapse
Chemical level
Atom / molecules / macromolecules
Catabolism
The breakdown of larger structures to release energy
RUQ
Liver, gallbladder
Effector
A body structure that receives output from control center and produces an effect or response
Anterior
Front or in front of
Foot movements
Inversion and eversion
Homeostasis
Relative constancy of body’s internal environment despite internal and external environmental changes. Need a constant termperature, pressure, and chemical composition in a set point range
Integrator
Body structure that receives infor from receptor, evaluates it, and send an output command to an effector (efferent pathway)
Homeostatic control mechanisms
Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis (feedback loops)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Negative feedback loop
Inhibitory. Change is opposed by creating a response that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance. Stabilizes physiological variables EX blood pressure or thermostat or wound bleed out
Axial
Head, neck, trunk
Posterior
Back or in back of
Lateral
Farther away from the midline, toward the side of the body
Tissue level
Groups of similar cells and surrounding matrix that work together to perform a particular function
Caudal
Toward the feet, away from the head, lower or below
Cellular level
Smallest living level that possess basic characteristics of life. Surrounded by membrane and have a single nucleus and organelles
Ventral
Toward the stomach (upright position only)
Hypochondriac
Under cartilage (ribs)
Anabolism
Building up of larger structures to store energy
Sensor mechanism
Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information to a control center (sensory nerve cells using afferent pathway)
Iliac
Refers to ileum or lowest part of small intestine
Abdominopelvic regions
Upper - Middle - Lower
Upper: Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, and left hypochondriac region
Middle: right lumbar region, umbilical region, and left lumbar region
Lower: right iliac region, hypogastric region, and left iliac region
Deep
Away from the body surface
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as the reference point
Medial
Nearer or toward the midline
Dorsal cavity
Cranial and spinal cavities
Pelvis movements
Anterior tilt, posterior tilt, and lateral tilt
Feedback systems
4 components: sensor mechanism, integrator or control center, effector mechanism, and feedback
4 planes
Sagittal: divides body into left and right
Coronal: divides body into front and back
Transverse: divides body into superior and inferior
Oblique: diagonal plane at any angle other than 90
Characteristics of the living organism (10)
Responsiveness - conductivity - growth - respiration - digestion - absorption - secretion - excretion - circulation - reproduction
RLQ
Appendix, small intestine, colon
Hypogastric
Below the stomach
Body temp set point range
97-100
Appendicular
Upper.lower extremities and connections to axial portion
Anatomical position
Standing straight up with face, feet, and palms facing forward.
Body lying face down
Prone
Dorsal
Toward the back (upright position only)
Intracellular homeostatic control
Regulate functions within the cell
Finger movements
Flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
Shoulder movements
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction, internal/medial rotation, and external/lateral rotation
Gross anatomy
Limited to asked eye dissections (gross or whole examination)
Physiology
Science that deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts
Matrix
Structural support, not alive. Holds all cells together and works with tissue
LLQ
Small intestine, colon
System level
Involves varying numbers and types of organs arrranged so that together, they perform complex functions for the body (11 systems in body)
Epigastric
Upon or around stomach
Systemic anatomy
Study body by systems (groups of organs with common function)
Mandible movements
Depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, and lateral deviation
Inferior
Toward the feet, away from the head, lower or below
Superficial
Toward or on the skin
Intrinsic homeostatic control
Operate at the tissue and organ levels. “Local control or auto regulation”
Levels of structural organization
Organ system > organism > organ > tissue > cell > organelle > chemical
Developmental anatomy
Human growth/development
Ankle movements
Dorisflexion and plantarflexion
Cranial
Toward the head, upper, or above
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body as the reference point
Wrist movements
Flexion, extension, radial deviation/abduction and ulnar deviation/adduction
Organelle level
Structure made of molecules organized in such a way that it can perform a specific function. Cannot survive outside of the cell
Types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or origination of a structure
Neck movements
Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
Superior
Toward the head, upper, or above
Toe movements
Flexion and extension
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdomicopelvic cavity
Extrinsic homeostatic control
“Outside control” operates at the system or organism level. Nerve signals and hormones outside the organ control the response
Cephalic
Toward the head, upper, or above
Hip movements
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal/medial rotation, and external/lateral rotation
Pathological anatomy
Disease
Positive feedback loop
Stimulatory. Does NOT maintain homeostasis and tends to amplify or reinforce change. EX labor or sneeze or blood clots
Microscopic anatomy (2)
Histology: study of tissues
Cytology: study of cells
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure
Thoracic cavity
Right and left pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity
