Tissue Types Flashcards
Chapter 9
1
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Endocrine gland
A
ductless glands. Secrete hormonesdirectly into blood or interstitial fluid - pituitary - thyroid - adrenal glands
2
Q
Structure of epithelial tissue (8)
A
- closely packed cells in single or multiple layers - very limited amount of metric material - apical surface - basal surface - lateral surface - membranous is attached to a basement membrane (functions to resist shearing and tearing forces, supports epithelium) - avascular: no direct blood supply, oxygen and nutrients must diffuse from underlying connective tissue - capable of reproducing itself- high rate of regenteration because stem cells present in most epithelial tissue
3
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A
4
Q
Beige fat
A
Converted white fat supplementin to maintain body temp
5
Q
Blood
A
Liquid - lacks ground substance and fibers - contains specialized cells (45% blood volume) - cells surrounded by matrix or plasma (55% blood volume)
6
Q
Merocrine
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Discharge secretion product directly through cell or plasma membrane
7
Q
Lateral surface
A
Face adjacent cells. Connected by desmosomes, tight junctions, and/or gap junctions
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A
9
Q
Ground matrix
A
Everything in ECM except fibers - proteglycans - glucosamine - hyaluronic acid (viscosity of matrix) - chondoitin sulfate
10
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Blood functions (3)
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- Transportation (respiratory gases, nutrients, waste products) 2. Regulation of body temp 3. Regulation of body pH
11
Q
Apocrine
A
Secrete product near apical face of cell and release them into a duct by pinching off a vesicle from distended end
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A
13
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Components of connective tissue
A
- Specialized cells 2. Extracellular matrix - ground substance - fibers
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15
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Glandular epithelial tissue
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Forms the secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands Solid cords or holllow follicles and tubes
16
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Function of epithelial tissue (5)
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- Protection: protects body from mechanical and chemical injury as well as invading bacteria and microorganisms 2. Sensory functions: contains nerve endings skin, nose, eye, and ear 3. Secretion: secretory glands for hormones, mucus, digestive juices, and sweat 4. Absorption: lining in gut and respiratory tract - allows for absorption of nutrients and exchange of gases in lungs and blood 5. Excretion: lines kidney tubules and allows for concentration of excretory products in the urine possible
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A
18
Q
Classification of connective tissue
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- Fibrous A. Loose fibrous (areolar) B. Adipose C. Reticular D. Dense fibrous 2. Bone A. Compact B. Cancellous 3. Cartilage 4. Blood
19
Q
Dense fibrous tissue
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Consists mainly of fibers packed densely in the matrix - bundles of fibers densely packed matrix - contains few fibroblasts 1. Irregular 2. Regular
20
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Irregular dense fibrous tissue
A
Bundles of collagenous fibers intertwine in irregular, swirling arrangements forming a thick mat that can withstand stresses applied in any direction. - dermis - surrounds kidney/spleen - fascia surrounds muscles
21
Q
A
22
Q
Perichondrium (4)
A
- Connective tissue membrane around cartilage 2. contains blood vessels and nerves - otherwise tissue gets nutrition from synovial bursae (more like sponge to compress nutrients out and suck them in) 3. Covering dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds surface of most cartilage 4. Is the source of new cartilage cells
23
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A
24
Q
Loose (areolar) fibrous tissue - matrix
A
- Soft thick gel with hyaluronic acid - viscosity 2. Collagenous and elastic fibers 3. Fibroblasts: make collagen 4. Macrophages: phagocytosis 5. Mast cells: release chemical mediators
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Neuglia (5)
1. Astrocytes: help regulate neuron funciton, including protection form harmful toxins 2. Microglia: destory pathogens and damaged tissue cells in brain 3. / 4. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes: electrically insulate axons to increase speed of conduction 5. Ependymial cells
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Bone cells
1. Osteocytes: mature bone cells, inactive. Embedded in calcified matrix containing both collagen fibers and mineral salt crystals 2. Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells 3. Osteoclasts: bone-destroying cells
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Blood cells
1. Erythrocytes: red blood cells 2. Leukocytes: white blood cells that destroy bacteria 3. Thrombocytes: platelets
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Compact bone
Forms hard shell of bone - osteons - osteocytes located in lacunae - highly organized matrix is present in concentric rings called lamellae - canals that join lacunae with the nutrient rich blood vessels (canaliculi) - central canal contains blood vessels and nerves
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Loose (areolar) fibrous tissue
Stretchable - most widely distributed of all tissues - acts like glue - matrix
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Apical surface
Faces interior of the cavity or external body surface
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Exocrine gland
Secrete product into ducts (apical surface of epithelium) - sweat - oil - earwax ducts - salivary - pancreas Shapes tubular and alveolar (saclike). Simple (1 duct to surface) or compound (2+ ducts to surface) and has 3 functional glands - apocrine - holocrine - merocrine
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Tissue types
Epithelial - connective - muscle - nervous
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Membranous epithelium
Usually has two names 1. Describes layers (simple or stratified) 2. Describes shape of cell - squamous - cuboidal - columned - pseudostratified columnar
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Glandular epithelium
Tissue that functions as a gland to secrete a product 1. Endocrine 2. Exocrine
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Bone
Osseous tissue - unique form of hard connective tissue - mineral salt crystals (inorganic) make up 66% of matrix and are responsible for hardness of bone 1. Compact 2. Cancellous
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Myocytes
Elongated muscle fibers. Use ATP to generate force
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Adipose tissue
Contains fat cells (adiopocytes) - forms protective padding around various structures - insulating material to conserve body heat - storage site for excess food/energy source - fewer fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages
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4 shapes of membranous epi
1. Squamous: scaley, flat and plate like 2. Cuboidal: cube-shaped 3. Columned: narrow and cylindrical 4. Pseudostartified columnar: one layer of cells. All cells reach the basement membrane but not all cells reach apical surface
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Reticular fibrous tissue
Consists of a network of branching reticular fibers - forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow - assists in defense against microorganisms and other harmful substances
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Gland
One or more cells that manufacture a substance to be secreted
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Membranous epithelial tissue
Covering or linin. Forms outer covering of skin and some internal organs. Lines cavities, blood and lymphatic vessels, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tract
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Basal surface
Faces the basement membrane
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Types of cartilage tissue
1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic
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Cancellous (spongey) bone tissue
Lacks osteons - a lattice of thin beams (trabeculae) located inside many bones that form a framework to support red bone marrow
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Nervous tissue
- Neurons: conducting units of nervous system - neuralgia: important supporting cells
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Connective tissue
Widespread and diverse - found in/around every organ - exists in more varied forms than the other three basic tissues - not usually found on body surfaces (basement membrane) - highly vascular - consist primarily of extracellular matrix with relatively few cells - Types: delicate webs, tough cords, elastic sheets, and fluids
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Regular dense fibrous tissue
Bundles of fibers arranged in regular, parallel rows 1. Collagenous: flexible but great tensile strength. Structures that anchor muscle to bone 2. Elastic: walls of arteries and organs that distend (lungs)
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Epithelial tissue
Covers and protects body surface, lines hollow organs, lines ducts, forms glands 1. Membranous 2. Glandular
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Cartilage tissue (7)
1. Only one cell type, chondrocytes, is present 2. produces fibers and tough rubbery ground substance of ECM (found in lacunae) 3. avascular 4. resiliency attributed to chondroitin sulfate (gel-like component in matrix) 5. few chondrocytes in large amount of extracellular matrix 6. decreased ability to repair self 7. Perichondrium present in some but not all (articular)
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Bone functions (5)
1. Support 2. Protection 3. Point of attachment for muscles 4. Reservoir for minerals 5. Supports blood-forming tissue (marrow)
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Neuron components
1. Cell body: contains nucleus and organelles 2. Dendrites: short processes, input portion 3. Axon: single, thin, often long process, output portion
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Holocrine
Self-destruct to release product after collecting it inside the cell
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Fibers of ECM
Protein fibers 1. Collagenous (white) - tough and strong 2. Reticular - delicate and web-like 3. Elastic (yellow) - extensible
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Muscle functions (4)
1. Produces movement 2. Maintains body posture 3. Provides protection 4. Generates heat
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Chondrocytes
Occur singly or in groups within lacunae in ECM
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Muscle tissue
Skeletal - smooth - cardiac
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White fat
Main energy storage, insulation, protective pads, increases buyouncy
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Brown fat
Far less abundant, generate heat (newborns cant shiver)
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Functions of connective tissue (8)
1. Binds tissue 2. Supports tissue 3. Strengthens other body tissues 4. Protects internal organs 5. insulates internal organs 6. compartmentalizes structures 7. Serves as transport system 8. Primary storage location for energy resources
