Cell structure

Question 1

Golgi apparatus description

Answer 1

Stack of flattened sacs (cisternae) surrounded by vesicles

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Largest cell structures and located in central area. Not part of cytoplasm

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

Gel-like substance made of organelles and molecules suspended in watery fluid called cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

Separates intracellular from extracellular environments. Two back to back layers of lipids in a chain

Question 5

Chromatin

Answer 5

Formed from DNA, RNA, and proteins. Take form of chromosomes in dividing cells.

Question 6

Golgi apparatus functions

Answer 6

Synthesizes carbohydrate, combines it with protein, and packages the product as globules of glycoproteins

Question 7

Microvilli function

Answer 7

Tiny fingerlike extensions that increase a cell’s abosorptive surface area

Question 8

Amphipatic (plasma membrane)

Answer 8

Lipids in the bilayer have both polar and non-polar parts. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. This allows lipid soluble molecules to pass through the membrane

Question 9

Microvilli description

Answer 9

Short, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane and supported internally by microfiliments

Question 10

Centrioles

Answer 10

Barrial shaped organelles comprised of microtubules. Form bases for cilia and flagella

Question 11

Vesicles description

Answer 11

Tiny membranous sacs

Question 12

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 12

Supporting framework of the cell and its organelles - functions in cell movement using molecular motors - forms cell extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella)

Question 13

Lipid rafts

Answer 13

Stiff groupings of membrane molecules (cholesterol) that travel along surface and organize/create cell depressions that get pulled into the cell

Question 14

Composite cell

Answer 14

Exhibits most important characteristics of many different cells

Question 15

Cell connections

Answer 15

Integrins. Hold cells in place, anchored into matrix. Help with cell to cell connections and allow direct communication between cells

Question 16

Centrosome function

Answer 16

Acts as the microtublues-organizing center of the cell - centrioles assist in forming and organizing microtubules

Question 17

Main cell structures

Answer 17

1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm (includes organelles0
3. Nucleus

Question 18

ER function

Answer 18

ER folds and shines he’s polypeptides - synthesizes integral membrane proteins (IMPS) and membrane lipids incorporated in cell membranes, steroid hormaones, detoxification enzymes, glycogen-regulating enzymes, and carbohydrates - removes and stores Ca2++ from cell’s interior

Question 19

Cilia and flagella description

Answer 19

Moderate (cilia) to long (flagella) hairlike extensions of plasma membrane - supported internally by cylindrical formation of microtubules, sometimes with attached molecular motors

Question 20

Desmosomes

Answer 20

Hold adjacent cells together.

1. Spot desmosomes: fibers interlock like Velcro. Anchored internally by cytoskeleton intermediate filaments
2. Belt desmosomes: completely encircles the cell. Adhesive belt

Question 21

Tight junctions

Answer 21

Created by fusion of similar integral membrane proteins to limit permeability (plastic around a sixer). Molecules must go through controlled channel or use carrier molecules to get through.

Question 22

Plasma membrane components percentage

Answer 22

Phospholipids 75%, cholesterol 20%, and glycolipids (phospholipids with carb groups attached) 5%

Question 23

Centrosome description

Answer 23

Region of cytoskeleton that includes two cylindrical groupings of microtubules called centrioles

Question 24

Lysosomes description

Answer 24

Tiny membranous bags containing enzymes

Question 25

Plasma membrane structure model

Answer 25

-Fluid mosaic model: fluid sea of lipids (always moving) and mosaic of proteins on surface or embedded through membrane

Question 26

Centrosome components

Answer 26

Centrioles and pericentriolar material

Question 27

Ovum

Answer 27

Largest cell, female sex cell

Question 28

Peroxisomes description

Answer 28

Tiny membranous bags confining enzymes

Question 29

Lysosomes functions

Answer 29

Digestive enzymes break down defective cell parts (autophagy) and ingested particles - a cell’s “digestive system” - some lysosomes involved in membrane repair or secretion

Question 30

Ribosomes description

Answer 30

Small particles assembled from two tiny subunits of rRNA and protein

Question 31

Nucleus contents

Answer 31

DNA, RNA, cluster of proteins

Question 32

Vesicles functions

Answer 32

Temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use

Question 33

Endoplasmic reticulum description

Answer 33

Network of canals and space extending from the nuclear envelope; may have ribosomes attached

Question 34

Mitochondria description

Answer 34

Tiny membranous capsule surrounding an inner nightly folded membrane embedded with enzymes. Has small, ring like chromosomes (DNA)

Question 35

Proteasomes function

Answer 35

Destroys misfolded or their wise abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell - quality control for protein synthesis

Question 36

Membranous organelles

Answer 36

Sacs/canals made of cell membrane

Question 37

Organelles

Answer 37

Little, non-living organs.

Question 38

Cytoskeleton description

Answer 38

Network of inter connecting flexible filaments, still tubules, and molecular motors within the cell

Question 39

Proteasomes discriptions

Answer 39

Hollow protein cylinders with embedded enzymes

Question 40

Integral membrane proteins

Answer 40

Firmly embedded in membrane. 1. Transport: gates can be specific or closed/open 2. Identification: distinguish between “self” and “non-self” cells, attacking non-self 3. Signaling: receptors signal transduction. React to hormones/chemicals 4. Connection: connect cell membrane to another membrane to another membrane (tissues)

Question 41

Peroxisomes function

Answer 41

Enzymes detoxify harmful substances in the cell

Question 42

Cilia and flagella function

Answer 42

Cilia move substances over the cell surface or detect changes outside the cell - flagella propel sperm cells

Question 43

Gap junctions

Answer 43

Membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes connect and form gaps or tunnels that join cytoplasm of two cells. - fuse 2 plasma membranes into single structure to allow for easy passage of molecules and fast electrical impulse propagation

Question 44

Peripheral proteins

Answer 44

Wally attached to polar heads or integral preteins on inner or outer surface

Question 45

Ribosomes function

Answer 45

Site of protein synthesis

Question 46

Mitochondria function

Answer 46

Catabolsim - ATP synthesis - power house of the cell

Question 47

Spermatozoa

Answer 47

Smallest cell, male sex cell

Question 48

Nucleus structure

Answer 48

Enclosed by 2 membranes (nuclear envelope) with many pores/openings (NPComplex are gate keepers). Inside enclosure are nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin

Question 49

Nonmembranous organelles

Answer 49

Made of microscope filaments or there particles, not membranes