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S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 > Bone tissue > Flashcards

Bone tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones in human bod?
Largest bone?
Smallest bone?
Skeleton accounts for what percent of body weight?

A

206
Femur
Stapes (inner ear)
15%

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2
Q

Functions of bone (5)

A
  1. Support: framework of bod
  2. Protection: proved protection to the delicate structures they enclose
  3. Movement: muscles attach to bone; as the muscles contract, the produce movement at joints
  4. Mineral storage: calcium, phosphorus, etc
  5. Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation
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3
Q

5 types of bone

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
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4
Q

Long bone

A

Extended longitudinal axes (femur, humerus)

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5
Q

Short bone

A

Cube or box-shaped (carpals, tarsals, phalanx)

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6
Q

Flat bone

A

Broad and thin with a flattened surface (scapula, sternum)

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7
Q

Irregular bone

A

Various sizes and shapes (vertebra, facial)

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8
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Usually develop in the tendons close to the joints (patella)

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9
Q

Long bone components

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and endosteum

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • main shaft of long bone
  • hollow, cylindrical shape with thick, compact bone surrounding a central cavity
  • function is to provide strong support withough cumbersome weight
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11
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • both ends of a long bone, made up of cancellous bone filled with marrow
  • bulbous shape
  • function is to provide attachments for muscles and give stability to joints
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12
Q

Metaphysis

A
  • meta = between
  • regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
  • in growing bone, contain epiphyseal plate (a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that allows bone to grow in length)
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13
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses
  • function is to provide some cushioning between bones, reduce friction
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14
Q

Periosteum

A
  • dense, white, fibrous membrane that covers bone
  • attaches tendons firmly to bones
  • has 2 layers (outer fibrous layers and inner osteogenic layer containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
  • contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
  • essential for bone cell survival and bone formation
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15
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Tube-like, hollow space in diaphysis

- filled with blood vessels and yellow marrow (rich in fat) in adults

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16
Q

Endosteum

A
  • thin epithelial membrane that lines medullary cavity of long bones
  • made up of single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue
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17
Q

Parts of flat bone

A
  • . Structure similar to long bone
  • covered in periosteum
  • inner spaces are lined with endosteum
  • instead of yellow marrow, the red marrow fills the spaces of the cancellous bone inside many flat bones
  • short bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones all have features similar to those of flat bones
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18
Q

Bone tissue

A
  • distinctive form of connective tissue
  • osseous tissue
  • ECM: 2/3 inorganic salts and 1/3 organic matter
  • supportive and protective functions
  • tensile strength (collagen fibers) is nearly equal to cast iron at less that 1/3 the weight
  • contains osteoprogenitor, osteonsblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
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19
Q

Composition of bone matrix

- inorganic salts

A
  • hydroxyapatite crytals: rocklike crystals of Ca++ and phosphate
  • calcification: forming the crystals wishing the softer tissue
  • 85% of inorganic matrix
  • 10% is calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, fluoride
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20
Q

Composition of bone matrix

- organic matrix

A
  • collagenous fibers
  • ground substance: proteins and polysaccharides
  • chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine:
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21
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Large protein molecule that helps cartilage remain compressible and elastic

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22
Q

Glucosamine

A

Amino sugar important to cartilage formation, maintenance, and repair

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23
Q

Compact bone

A
  • constitutes about 80% of the total bone mass
  • contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called osteons, or ha version systems
  • osteons surround canals that run lengthwise through bone and are connected by transverse volkmann’s canals
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24
Q

Osteons

A
  • living bone cells are located in these units, which constitute the structural framework of compact bone
  • permit delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products
  • lamellae
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • central canal
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25
Q

Lamellae

A
  • concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix (tree rings)
  • only 8-15 layers thick
  • each subsequent layer’s collagen fibers are oriented in the opposite direction
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26
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of the lamella

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27
Q

Canaliculi

A

Very small canals radiating in all directions form the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the haversian canal

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28
Q

Haversian canal

A

Extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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29
Q

Lamellae (1)

A

Layers of calcified matrix

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30
Q

Lacunae (1)

A

Spaces with tissue fluid and bone cells

31
Q

Canaliculi (1)

A

Canals connecting lacunae

32
Q

Haversian canal (1)

A

Central canal contains blood and lymph vessels

33
Q

Cancellous bone

A

No osteons

  • nutrients are delivered and waste products are removed by diffusion through tiny canaliculi
  • trabeculae
  • orientation of trabeculae along lines of stress, enhancing the bone’s strength
  • decreases overall bone weight
34
Q

Trabeculae

A

Irregularaly formed lamellae (bony spicules). Lies between two layers of compact bone or near the ends of long bones

35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

  • bone-forming cells found in all bone surfaces
  • produce bone matrix and promote deposition of calcium
  • blood calcium levels decrease
36
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Carve out bone

  • bone-reabsorbing, responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals
  • lysosomes highly active - secrete enzymes and acids that ‘lyse’ the proteins/minerals of the matrix
  • blood calcium levels increase
37
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • mature, non-dividing osteoblasts that is surrounded by matrix
  • lying within lacunae and maintain matrix
  • can change into osteoblasts or osteoclasts when needed
38
Q

Bone marrow

A

Myeloid tissue

  • specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue
  • site for the production of blood cells
  • found in medullary cavities of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone
  • two types of marrow are present during a person’s lifetime: red and yellow marrow
39
Q

Red marrow

A

Functions to produce red blood cells

- gradually reduces overtime and is replaced by yellow marrow

40
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Replaces red marrow in long bones

- marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

41
Q

Adult bone marrow

A
  • red marrow still present in ribs, pelvis, vertebral bodies, and epiphyses of humerus and femur
  • yellow marrow can change to red marrow during times of decreased blood supply, such as with anemia, exposure to radiation, and certain diseases
42
Q

Blood supply

A
  • bone cells are metabolically active and need a blood supply
  • medullary cavity has one or more arteries that supply bone marrow and areas of cancellous bone
43
Q

Spongy bone blood supply

A

Receives blood supply from the bone marrow in the internal medullary cavity and passage of nutrients through the canaliculi

44
Q

Compact bone blood supply

A

Arteries covered in the periosteum and incorporated into the bone itself (transverse canals)

45
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

Red marrow from compatible donor is introduced into recipient intravenously
- goal is to establish a new, healthy colony of bone marrow

46
Q

Ca++ levels in blood

A
  • bones sever as a storage site for about 98% of the body calcium reserves
  • bone plays a key role in maintaining the constancy of blood calcium levels
  • it is the balance between deposition of bone by osteoblasts and breakdown and resorption of bone by osteoclasts that helps to regulate blood Ca++ levels
47
Q

Osteogenesis or ossification

A

The process by which osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to transform cartilage into bone

48
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Skull, facial bones and clavicles develop through this process which starts with fibrous membrane instead of a cartilage model

  • occurs within connective tissue membrane
  • groups of osteogenic stem cells with the membrane differentiate into osteoblasts
  • cluster of osteoblasts are “ossification centers”
49
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Most bones are formed from cartilage models in this process

50
Q

Endochondral ossification process (1-6…)

A
  1. Bone begins as cartilage model
  2. Formation of periosteum around cart.
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate and osteoblasts are formed (spongy bone tissue)
  4. More trabeculae are formed and fuse into lamellae
  5. Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends
  6. Development of cavities (yellow and red marrow)
51
Q

Endochondral ossification process (…7-9)

A
  1. Bone grows in length as osteoblasts form bone in middle and chondroblasts are adding new cartilage to ends of bone
  2. Bone grows in width by addition of periosteal bone
  3. After burst secondary ossification centers develop in the ends of long bones to allow for continued growth until end of puberty - epiphyseal plate
52
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A
  • until bone growth is complete, a layer of cartilage remains between each epiphysis and diaphysis
  • when these cells stop multiplying and cartilage becomes ossified, bone growth ends
53
Q

Epiphyseal plate injury

A
  • esp if overstressed (kids, grandpas)
  • when separated from the diaphysis or epiphysis results in a fracture
  • these fractures can cause a slowing or cessation of growth in the bone
54
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity

  • 5% of bone mass is remodeled at any given time in adult
  • spongy bone replaced at 20% per year, compact bone replaced 4% per year
55
Q

Hormones

A
  • parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland are responsible for secreting hormones (PTH and calcitonin) involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
56
Q

Parathyroid

A

Increase calcium into blood

- stimulates osteoclasts

57
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decrease calcium in blood

- stimulate osteoblasts

58
Q

Factors that affect bone remodeling

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Nutrition
  3. Stress
59
Q

Nutrition

A
  • Vit D: necessary for Ca++ absorption
  • Vit C: collagen synthesis
  • Vit A: balances osteoclast and osteoblasts activity
  • Ca++, Mg, P: necessary for hardness of bone (inorganic matrix)
60
Q

Stress

A

Mechanical and functional forces

  • gravitational forces exerted to support the weight of body
  • functional forces exerted on bones by contracting muscles
  • wolff’s law: bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed on it
61
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone breakdown > bone formation

  • composition of bone is normal, decrease bone mass
  • factors: decreased sex hormaones, insufficient WBing exercise, poor nutritional intake of necessary supplements
62
Q

Fracture

A

Break in the continuity of a bone

- tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes

63
Q

Fracture healing process

A
  1. Formation of fracture hematoma
  2. Soft procallus formation
  3. Bony callus
  4. Bone remodeling
64
Q

Formation of fracture hematoma

A
  • vascular damage initiates repair sequence, early inflammatory phase
  • blood clot forms around the fracture site usually 6-8 hours after injury
  • nearby cells die, increased activity of osteoclasts and phagocytes to remove debris around hematoma
65
Q

Soft procallus formation

A
  • fracture hematoma resorbed and callus forms
  • fibrocartilaginous callus forms to bridge broken bones - fibroblasts produce collagen and chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage (3 weeks)
  • no structurally rigid
  • anchors broken ends
  • bony callus forms from osteoblasts and replaces soft callus / forms spongy bone (3-4 months)
66
Q

Bony callus

A
  • osteoblasts continued to resort dead portions fo broken bone
  • compact bone replaces spongy bone around periphery of fracture
  • injury heals completely and is similar to original unbroken thickened area arund the healed fracture site
67
Q

Factors that influence bone growth

A
  1. Stresses
  2. Nutrition
  3. Hormones
    - growth hormone
    - sex hormone (increased levels facilitate growth spurt and decreased levels facilitate epiphyseal plate closure)
68
Q

Cartilage

A
  • cells lie in lacunae
  • no canals or blood vessels in matrix
  • nutrients reach cells through diffusion (perichondrium or synovial fluid)
69
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline: most abundant
  • elastic: contains elastic fibers and collagenous fibers and has a firm elasticity
  • fibrocartilage: has most numerous amoun of collagen fibers and has greatest tensile strength
70
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • covers articular surfaces of bones
  • forms costal cartilages
  • forms rings in the trachea
  • bronchi of the lungs
  • tip of the nose
71
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • forms external ear
  • epiglottis
  • Eustachian tube
72
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • strong and rigid
  • pubic symphyses
  • intervertebral disks
  • near the point of attachment of some large tendons to bone
73
Q

Function of cartilage

A
  • sustain great weight
  • shock absorption
  • strong pliable support structure that resiste deformation or collapse
  • permits growth in the length of bones

S1 BIO 100 A&P 1 (24 decks)

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