Week 1- Intro to pregnancy

Question 1

What are the four types of female pelvis structures?

Answer 1

Gynacoid- round most common
Android- smaller, not as ideal for child b birth
Arthropoid- elongated
Platepelloid- squished oval

Question 2

What is pubic symphisitis?

Answer 2

Loosing of the ligaments allow for more movement in the joint cause pain and discomfort in the pelvic area which can radiate into things or peritenium
Occurs in 2-3 trimester

Question 3

What is lighting crotch?

Answer 3

A pelvic related pregency condition where there is pain felt in the vagina, rectum or pelvis that is sharp and shooting.

Question 4

What is the average onset of menstration and menopause?

Answer 4

12-15 years

44-55 years

Question 5

What is the length of an average menstral cycle?

Answer 5

26-34 days

Question 6

What is the average amount of blood lost per menstral cycle?

Answer 6

30-80ml

Question 7

What is a haploid cell?

Answer 7

has only a single set of chromosomes ie a sore or egg cell

Question 8

What is a diploid cell?

Answer 8

Contains a full set of chromosomes

Question 9

What is a zygote?

Answer 9

a genetically distinct cell containing all the genetic information required to from a new individual (fertilised egg)

Question 10

How long after fertilisation of the egg dose implantation occur?

Answer 10

Approximately 7 days

Question 11

When does the placenta begin to form, become established and reach full size?

Answer 11

in the second week of gestation

fully established by 8-10 weeks and full size by month 4

Question 12

What is the main site of hormonal production after 8-10 weeks?

Answer 12

The placenta which has seperate circulation

Question 13

What does the placenta look like?

Answer 13

Flattered discoid organ about 20cm in diameter with a dark red maternal surface and a shiny grey foetal surface which is also connected to the umbilical chord

Question 14

How much blood is transported into and out of the intravillious space during pregnancy?

Answer 14

First 8-10 weeks about 50ml/min

Buy the end of pregnancy 600-800ml/min

Question 15

What are the four main function of the placenta?

Answer 15

Transport: respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Immunological: Barrier agains larger bacteria, maternal antibodies cross through
Endocrine: HPL, oestrogen, progesterone Beta-HGC
Metabolic: synthesis glycogen, cholesterol, fatty acids and enzymes used by the foetus and placenta

Question 16

How many artier/veins does the placenta have and what is the flow rate of blood?

Answer 16

2 arteries to placenta- deoxygenated
1 vein to baby via chord -oxygenated
blood flow approx. 500ml/min

Question 17

What does the umbilical chord look like?

Answer 17

2-3cm diamater
30-90cm long
2 arteries and one vein wrapped in collagenous wartons jelly

Question 18

What are the two membranes of the placenta?

Answer 18

Chorion
- outer layer which is adhered to the decider, stores hormones
Amnion
Inner membrane, tough, smooth and tranluscent. Continuous with the outer layer of the chord with 200ml of fluid between the layers

Question 19

What are the characteristics of amniotic fluid?

Answer 19

98% water, 2% glucose, proteins, sodium, urea and creatine
500-1500ml replenishing itself every 3 hours.
Charictatistically sweet odour

Question 20

How is the amniotic fluid produced?

Answer 20

Formed by secretions of amniotic cells, foetal lungs and skin

Question 21

what is the purpose of the amniotic fluid?

Answer 21

Protects foetus from changes in pressure and tempretue.

Question 22

When do most congenital problems with a foetus occur?

Answer 22

During the first 8-9 weeks

Question 23

What roles dose progesterone play in pregnancy?

Answer 23

Decreases smooth muscle contractility
inhibits lactation
Supresses maternal immunological respones to fetal antigens
prepare uterus for implantation
Drop- onset of labor

Question 24

What is the role of oestrogen in pregnancy?

Answer 24

Breat grow, uterine growth, vaginal wall thickning, vaginal lubrication, increase coagulability, decreases bowl motility

Question 25

What is the role in betaHCG

Answer 25

stimulates corpus lute to continue relating hormones | allows pregnancy to establish and continue without menses occurring

Question 26

What is the role of HPL?

Answer 26

Insulin antagonist, growth promoting affects carbohydrates metabolisim

Question 27

What is the role of relaxin during pregnancy?

Answer 27

causes relaxation of ligaments

Question 28

What changes does the uterus undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 28

increases in size from about 60g to 1kg oestrogen stimulates muscle cell hypertrophy capacity increases from 10ml to 5L all three layers increase in all directions

Question 29

What changes does the cervix undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 29

Cell number increases due to oestrogen secretes thick, sticky mucous plug soften during labour "goodelles sign"

Question 30

What changes do the ovaries undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 30

Follicles do not matte and no ovulation | corpus lute produces progesterone until 10 weeks

Question 31

What changes does the vagina undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 31

Loosing of connective tissue increase in secretions increase of glycogen in cells

Question 32

What changes do the breast undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 32

Enlagment of breast and areola | Production in 3rd trimester of colostrum - antibody rich fluid for initial breast feeding

Question 33

What changes does the cardiovascular system undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 33

Increased output, SV and blood volumes decreases systemic vascular resistance and BP Increase in HR: pronounced in later pregnancy

Question 34

What is supine hypotension in pregnancy?

Answer 34

occurs in later pregnancy where there is compression of the aorta and vena cave by the enlarging uterus decreasing preload and BP

Question 35

What are the haematological changes that occur during pregnancy? Red blood cells

Answer 35

Increase in blood volume 30-50% Increase in red blood cell mass 18-20% increased plasma 50% - leading to heamodilution and physiological anaemia

Question 36

What are the haematological changes that occur during pregnancy? White blood cells

Answer 36

Number increases from about 8/40-30/40 weeks | relative state of immune suppression increasing susceptibility to infection

Question 37

What are the haematological changes that occur during pregnancy? coagulation factors

Answer 37

platelets decreases number in circulation but increased platelet aggravation and coagulation factors V11 in late pregnancy fibrinogen increase by 100% which assists in combating haemorrhage but predisposes to thromboembolic episodes

Question 38

What anatomical changes does the respiratory system undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 38

diaphragm rises 4cm transverse diameter of ribs increases 2cm pressure on diaphragm from enlarging uterus- ribcage flares and chest circumference rwidens Oedema and vascular congestion of nose due to oestrogen

Question 39

What biochemical changes does the respiratory system undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 39

decreased CO2 from 35-40mmhg to 30mmhg increased PO2 increasing inspiratory capacity 300ml expository reserve volume decreases 200ml Total volume increases from 500ml to 700ml O2 consumption increase by 15%

Question 40

What are the changes in the gastro-intestinal system in pregnancy?

Answer 40

Progesterone relax tone an mobility of smooth muscle causing constipation Increases size of uterus raises the intra-gastric pressure delaying gastric emptying- causing people to feel more full Avoid secretion increases in second trimester causing heart burn and reflux

Question 41

What Genito-urinary changes are undergoe during pregnancy?

Answer 41

bladder increases size but compression from fungus makes it hard to fully empty ureter and vladder real and dialte- increase UTI risk Renal blood flow increases and glomerular filtration increases Increasing excretion of cglucoes, proteins, amino acid and water soluble vitamin Reduced ability of tubules to reabsorbs glucose

Question 42

What endocrine changes occur duringg pregnancy?

Answer 42

Pituitary gland Posterior: oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions ANterior- prolactin responsible for initial milk production , FSH and LH suppressed to prevent menstral cycle Thyroid gland: slightly enlarged- increase capacity to bind to thyroxin for fatal development

Question 43

What changes does the muscle-skeltal system undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 43

Relaxin- general ligamentous relaxation Pressure or static nerve Curve in lumbar spine increases 'lordosis' dislocations and subluxations more likely t occur

Question 43

What changes does the muscle-skeltal system undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 43

Relaxin- general ligamentous relaxation Pressure or static nerve Curve in lumbar spine increases 'lordosis' dislocations and subluxations more likely t occur

Question 44

What changes does the skin undergo during pregnancy?

Answer 44

natural hair loss delayed | increase in melanocyte producing horse- stretch marks, line migration, chloasma

Question 45

Describe the gynaecoid pelvis

Answer 45

``` Brim rounded Forepelvis- generous side walls- straight Ischial spines- blunt sciatic notch- rounded sub-pubic angle- 90 degrees Incidence- 50% ```

Question 46

Describe the android pelvis?

Answer 46

``` Brim- Heart shaped Forepelvis- narrow side walls convergent Ischial spines - prominent sciatic notch- rounded sub-pubic angle <90% Incidence 20% ```

Question 47

Describe the arthropod pelvis?

Answer 47

``` Brim- long oval Forepelvis- narrowed side walls- divergent Ischial spines- blunt sciatic notch- wide sub-pubic angle>90 degrees Incidence- 25% ```

Question 48

Describe the playpelloid pelvis type?

Answer 48

``` Brim - Kidney shaped Forepelvis- wide side walls- Divergent Ischial spines- blunt sciatic notch- wide sub-pubic angle >90 degrees Incidence - 5% ```