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GEOGRAPHY > weather hazards > Flashcards

weather hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what explains the distribution of weather hazards

A

global atmospheric circulation and latitude

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2
Q

why are some parts of earth hotter

A

sun rays hit earth are concentrated on different areas depending on latitude, more concentrated at equator than poles so it is hotter

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3
Q

describe weather experienced under low pressure conditions

A

air at equator is heated and rises in low pressure, it flows to poles cools and condenses and forms rain and cloud

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4
Q

describe weather experienced under high pressure of equator

A

air sinks at 30 north and south of the equator at high pressure it brings dry clear skies known as the hadley cell

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5
Q

describe the weather experienced under high pressure at the poles

A

air is colder and denser at poles so it sinks to ground under high pressure.
air flows towards equator and warms and rises under low pressure - polar cell

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6
Q

what causes convention cells

A

low pressure belt at equator and high pressure belt at poles

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7
Q

what 3 cells make up convention cell

A

hadley cell -
polar cell
ferrel cell

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8
Q

what are jet streams

A

strong high altitude currents of air

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9
Q

what causes seasons

A

earths tilt

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10
Q

how do global pressure and surface winds influence precipitation (4)

A

rainfall high and constant all year near the equator because as hot air rises it cools and water vapour turns to rain

at the low presure zone around the equator air rises and triggers bursts of torrential rain and if they gain energy they can travel further along - this is where tropical storms form

rainfall is often higher in coastal areas in western europe because of movement of the jet stream over the jet stream. depressions or cyclones follow the jet stream bringing stormy conditions to the uks west coast

rainfall often low around tropics as dry air falls there as part of the hadley cell resulting in dry conditions
precipitation is low in polar regions and falls as snow cold air is limited and can not hold water vapour

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11
Q

what is the hadley cell

A

circulation of air between the tropics and equator results in high pressure and hot dry desert conditions

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12
Q

when do tropical storms (natural hazard) form

A

tropical warm air rises to create an area of high intense pressure
when this warm moist air rises powerful winds spiral around calm centre point creating the eye of the storm
warm air cools and condences into heavy rain and thunder storms

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13
Q

how are tropical storms named

A

depending on location
in atlantic and eastern pacific oceans – Hurricanes – Carrabean
in west of north pacifc ocean – Typhoon East Asia
Indian and South Pacific Oceans –Cyclones–South Asia
Each storm given an international name by world meterological organisation - alphabetically and alternate in gender. It makes them more recognisable and engages public

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14
Q

What are the conditions for a tropical storm (5)

A

found between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of equator
Here warm moist air rises to high altitudes
sea must be above 27 degrees and depth between 60-70m
this gives the heat and moisture causing warm air to rise rapidly in the low pressure region
latent heat is released to power the storm
Low wind so storm clouds can rise without been torn apart so usually happen in summer and autumn

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15
Q

why do tropical storms not occur at the equator

A

the coriolis effect is not strong enough for the storm to spin

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16
Q

what is the sequence formation of a tropical storm (10)

A

air is heated above the surface of tropical ocean
warm air rises quickly under low pressure
strong winds form as rising air draws in air and moisture
rising air spins around central eye
rising air cools and condenses forming large clouds of torrential rain
heat given off as it cools powers storm
cold air sinks in eye no cloud so it is clear and dry and calm
the storm travels across the ocean with prevailing winds
on meeting land it looses heat moisture and power
storm travels north in northern hemisphere and south in southern hemisphere

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17
Q

why do tropical storms spin

A

the coriolis effect bends and spins the warm rising air. Huricanes in northern hemisphere bend to the right causing clouds to swirl anticlockwise and cyclones in the southern hemisphere swirl clockwise

18
Q

what direction do tropical storms travel in and why

A

from east to west because of the way the earth spins

19
Q

what happens as the tropical storm hits land

A

they loose their energy source from the sea and change direction , storms in the south track south and storms in the north track north
as they pass over land friction slows them further.

20
Q

what is the average life span of a tropical storm

A

1 - 2 weeks

21
Q

what is the typical height and speed of an average tropical storm

A

60-70m 39mph

22
Q

what is the coriolis effect

A

winds do not blow in straight lines as they are effected by the coriolis effect. As the earth rotates it causes wind to bend because of the earths curve and it spins faster at the equator

23
Q

how will climate change effect tropical storms give 3examples

A

climate change will alter conditions that cause tropical storms eg atmospheric and sea surface temperatures

as temperatures increase sea levels will rise and storm surges will be higher

a warmer atmosphere means air will hold more moisture and heavy rainfall will increase so flooding will be more destructive

link between warmer oceans and intensity of tropical storms

24
Q

what happens in a tropical storm (6)

A

strong winds, torrential rain, storm surges (rapid rise in sea level) landslides and tornadoes landslides

25
Q

what are the primary effects of tropical storms

A

demolish homes
destroy infastructure
death and injury

26
Q

what are the secondary effects of a tropical storm

A

contaminate water and spread disease
stop aid getting through so increase death toll

27
Q

how is a tropical storm measured

A

saffir simpson hurricane scale based on wind speed . The higher the scale the higher the intensity

28
Q

what are typical responses to a tropical storm

A

can generally be predicted and warnings given allowing time to prepare and protect property.
evacuate to high ground or to a storm shelter
distribute emergency food water and essentials to survivors
long term responses take longer to implement but have longer lasting impact
repair buildings and infastructure
invest in prediction and protection euipment

29
Q

3 management strategies to cope with tropical storms

A

monitor - cloud pattens using satelite, altitude of raincloud NASSA weather patterns using drones

Predictions - super computers can give 5 days warning and predict location track and plot storm paths

Protect - rienforce buildings build coastal flood defences and establish no build zones

30
Q

how are tropical storms monitored

A

satellites look at cloud pattern some monitor precipitation
aircraft release drones with sensors to collect data about air pressure and wind speed

31
Q

how can you protect against a tropical storm

A

install straps holding roof to the walls
install storm shitters on windows
instll an emergency generator
tie down items that can blow away
reinforce garage doors
remove trees close to a building

32
Q

how can you plan to reduce risks in a tropical storm (4)

A

have supply and disaster kits
have vehicles full of fuel
know where evacuations shelters are
plan with family what to di

33
Q

what extreme weathers do we experience in the UK

A

storms, tornados flooding landslides drought extreme cold

34
Q

what are the effects of extreme cold (5)

A

crops fail
cattle die
roads railways airports shut
injuries
schools and businesses close

35
Q

when would extreme weather be beneficial

A

a heat wave brings tourism

36
Q

is the uk getting more extreme weather

A

yes more frequent and more weather records are been broken

37
Q

by how much have temperatures increased sin 80’s

A

increased by 1%

38
Q

give examples of weather records that have been broken (3)

A

December 2010 coldest for 100days
April 2011 warmest for 100 days
August 2022 highest recorded temperature 41

39
Q

what are predictions for extreme weather in the uk in the future

A

rain is more seasona;
rivers flood more frequently in winter
air temperature will increase and lead to more droughts

40
Q

Is climate change responsible for increase in extreme weather

A

not for individual events but it is to blame for increased frequency
climate change is warming the planet and the atlantic is increasing its temperature which explains the change in rainfall patterns but the atlantic was warm between 1931-1960 and cooled between 1961 and 1990 so it could all be a cycle

GEOGRAPHY (25 decks)

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