Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOGRAPHY > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

what is a long profile

A

it shows the gradient of the river on its journey from source to mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the source

A

where river starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the mouth

A

where river meets the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does a river try to achieve

A

a smooth curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does a river profile change

A

by erosion transport and deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the profile of the upper course (4)

A

verticle erosion by hydrolication
steep gradient
travels through mountains
low velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the profile of the middle course (5)

A

travels through hills
high velosity
gradient less steep
lateral erosion
wider channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the profile of the lower course (6)

A

travels through low lying land
gentle gradient
very wide valley
deposition
wide deep channel
high velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why does discharge and velocity increase down stream

A

the volume of water increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is cross profile

A

a section taken sideways across a river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is channel cross profile

A

just the river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a valley cross profile

A

channel valley floor and slopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does cross profile change and why

A

in narrow shallow channel upper couse of the river erodes by hydraulic and abraison
as it travels more water joins and increases volume and velocity so deeper channels are cut
at middle course the channel is wide and less verticle erosion but more lateral making the banks wider
at lower course the river is wider and deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes interlocking spurs and rapids

A

erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an interlocking spur

A

high landforms found at the upper coarse of the river either side - zip like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the characteristics of interlocking spurs (3)

A

steep gradiet
projections each side separated by the river
high slopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are rapids

A

fast flowing sections of river where there is a steep gradient and different rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the characterisitics of rapids (3)

A

turbulent water flow
steep gradient
uneven bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a waterfall

A

where water falls down a verticle drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is a waterfall formed

A

where hard rock is above soft rock the soft rock is eroded by falling water forming a step and undercutting so an overhang collapses into a plunge pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is a gorge formed

A

from a waterfall it leaves a gorge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name 4 ways a river erodes

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
solution
attrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

when water is forced into cracks in the bank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of erosion is hydraulic action

A

in upper course it is verticle
in lower course it is lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is abrasion

A

boulders/stones scape and wear the river bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

wat type of erosion is abrasion

A

vertical and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is solution

A

disolving of rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is attrition

A

rocks banging into each other as they are transported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what type of erosion is attrition

A

vertical and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is transported by rivers

A

material that has weathered or eroded

31
Q

name 4 types of transportation

A

solution
suspension
traction
saltation

32
Q

what is solution

A

materials are disolved in the water

33
Q

what is suspension

A

light materials are carried along

34
Q

what is saltaion

A

pebbles bounce along the bed

35
Q

what is traction

A

large boulders roll along the bed

36
Q

what is deposition

A

rivers drop sediment

37
Q

when do rivers deposit its load

A

when velocity falls

38
Q

what is the result of deposition

A

when velocity falls boulders are deposited first and finer particles deposited last

39
Q

what is flood risk dependent on

A

how quickly precipitation gets into a river

40
Q

how is flood risk increase

A

heavy rain
sudden snow melting
saturated soil
farming
urbanisation

41
Q

how do rocks increase flood risk

A

they can be impermeable

42
Q

what are human causes of flooding

A

infastructure - roads and buildings
disappearing gardens
felling trees which reduces interception
changes in farming

43
Q

what is a hydrograph

A

they show how a river responds in response to rain

44
Q

what do the axis on a hydograph measure

A

verticle = amount of rain
horizontal= time

45
Q

name 2 types of hydrograph

A

flashy - storms
soil is impermeable
a small river basin
urban area

slow - low flood risk

46
Q

what are river management strategies

A

river engineering to stop floods

47
Q

2 categories of river management strategies

A

hard and soft

48
Q

name 4 examples of hard engineering

A

dams
channel straightening
embankments
flood relief channels

49
Q

describe a dam and outline the 3 positives and 4 negatives

A

a concrete structure to control flow by creating an artificial lake
+ provide hydro electric power, prevent floods and increases tourism and recreation
- expensive, loss of farm land, habitats damaged and people displaced

50
Q

describe channel straightening and out line 3 positives and
4 negatives

A

cut meanders
+ reduce flood risk, decrease insurance premiums, improve navigation
- increases flood further down river, expensive, habitats effected, unatractive

51
Q

describe embankments and outline 3 positives and 3 negatives

A

raise banks so river can hold more water
+ reduce floods, creates walkways, provides new habitats
- expensive, artificial and unattractive, if they fail cause serious floods

52
Q

what landforms result from erosion and deposition

A

meanders and oxbow lakes

53
Q

where do meanders form

A

middle and lower course

54
Q

describe how meanders form

A

fast velocity swings around outside bend of meander eroding banks to form river cliff where water is deep
inside bend where velocity is low deposition occurs forming slip off slope
overtime lateral erosion on outside bend widens river valley

55
Q

where are oxbow lakes commonly found

A

middle or lower course

56
Q

what are oxbow lakes

A

old meander
the bend is cut off by faster flowing water during floods

57
Q

which environmental conditions are common for meandering rivers

A

gentle gradient
fine sediment
steady rain throughout year

58
Q

what are riffles

A

shallow area of meander - straighter sections- rocky bends

59
Q

what are pools

A

deeper areas of meander
fine sediment slow flow

60
Q

what landforms result from deposition

A

leeves
flood plains
esturies

61
Q

what is a leeves

A

raised river bank found in lower course of river

62
Q

when are leeves formed

A

during flooding when water overflows onto flood plain

63
Q

how are leeves formed

A

as water overflows there is a reduction in velocity
this causes sediment in suspension to be deposited on bank
each flood casuses sediment to raise

64
Q

name 4 types of soft engineering

A

flood plain zone
flood warning
plant trees
river restoration

65
Q

describe flood warning and outline 3 positives and 2 negatives

A

monitors rivers so floods can be predicted warn and evacuate
+ helps to prepare, it is sustainable , it is low cost
- need equipment and people dont always respond

66
Q

describe flood plains and outline 3 positives and 1 negative

A

local planning restricts land use
+low cost, it reduces impermeable rock and reduces insurance
- restricts ecconomic development

67
Q

describe planting trees and outline 4 positives and 2 negatives

A

increases the interception of rain
+ benefits wild life, natural, inexpensive, helps tore carbon
- reduces habitats, loss of farmland

68
Q

describe river restoration and outline 2 positives and 3 negatives

A

restores straightened channels to meanders and slows down water flow
+ recreates the natural environment, reduce floods
- inexpensive, changes land, some flooding

69
Q

facts about Jubilee River flood relief channel (3)

A

created in thames in 2002 cost £110 million

70
Q

what 3 catergories of issues because of Jubilee flood relief channel

A

social issues
protects rich areas at expense of poor and paddle boaters disrupted because of wier
ecconomic issues
most expensive scheme in uk, maintainemce costs are high and additional measures are needed down strean where the problem has been shifted
environmental issues
it flooded badly in 2014 it damaged habitats and it is unattractive

71
Q

facts about banbury resevoir

A

completed in 20212 at cost of £18.5 million

72
Q

what are 3 categories of issues because of banbury resevoir

A

social
transport disruptionis improved, new footpaths installed, local less worried about flooding
ecconomic issues
benefits of protection = £100 million and lower insurance
environmental
habitats destroyed

73
Q

what is discharge of water

A

excess water.

GEOGRAPHY (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions