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GEOGRAPHY > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

what is a long profile

A

it shows the gradient of the river on its journey from source to mouth

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2
Q

what is the source

A

where river starts

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3
Q

what is the mouth

A

where river meets the sea

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4
Q

what does a river try to achieve

A

a smooth curve

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5
Q

how does a river profile change

A

by erosion transport and deposition

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6
Q

what is the profile of the upper course (4)

A

verticle erosion by hydrolication
steep gradient
travels through mountains
low velocity

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7
Q

what is the profile of the middle course (5)

A

travels through hills
high velosity
gradient less steep
lateral erosion
wider channels

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8
Q

what is the profile of the lower course (6)

A

travels through low lying land
gentle gradient
very wide valley
deposition
wide deep channel
high velocity

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9
Q

why does discharge and velocity increase down stream

A

the volume of water increases

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10
Q

what is cross profile

A

a section taken sideways across a river

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11
Q

what is channel cross profile

A

just the river

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12
Q

what is a valley cross profile

A

channel valley floor and slopes

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13
Q

how does cross profile change and why

A

in narrow shallow channel upper couse of the river erodes by hydraulic and abraison
as it travels more water joins and increases volume and velocity so deeper channels are cut
at middle course the channel is wide and less verticle erosion but more lateral making the banks wider
at lower course the river is wider and deeper

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14
Q

what causes interlocking spurs and rapids

A

erosion

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15
Q

what is an interlocking spur

A

high landforms found at the upper coarse of the river either side - zip like

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of interlocking spurs (3)

A

steep gradiet
projections each side separated by the river
high slopes

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17
Q

what are rapids

A

fast flowing sections of river where there is a steep gradient and different rock

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18
Q

what are the characterisitics of rapids (3)

A

turbulent water flow
steep gradient
uneven bed

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19
Q

what is a waterfall

A

where water falls down a verticle drop

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20
Q

how is a waterfall formed

A

where hard rock is above soft rock the soft rock is eroded by falling water forming a step and undercutting so an overhang collapses into a plunge pool

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21
Q

how is a gorge formed

A

from a waterfall it leaves a gorge

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22
Q

name 4 ways a river erodes

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
solution
attrition

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23
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

when water is forced into cracks in the bank

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24
Q

what type of erosion is hydraulic action

A

in upper course it is verticle
in lower course it is lateral

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25
what is abrasion
boulders/stones scape and wear the river bed
26
wat type of erosion is abrasion
vertical and lateral
27
what is solution
disolving of rocks
28
what is attrition
rocks banging into each other as they are transported
29
what type of erosion is attrition
vertical and lateral
30
what is transported by rivers
material that has weathered or eroded
31
name 4 types of transportation
solution suspension traction saltation
32
what is solution
materials are disolved in the water
33
what is suspension
light materials are carried along
34
what is saltaion
pebbles bounce along the bed
35
what is traction
large boulders roll along the bed
36
what is deposition
rivers drop sediment
37
when do rivers deposit its load
when velocity falls
38
what is the result of deposition
when velocity falls boulders are deposited first and finer particles deposited last
39
what is flood risk dependent on
how quickly precipitation gets into a river
40
how is flood risk increase
heavy rain sudden snow melting saturated soil farming urbanisation
41
how do rocks increase flood risk
they can be impermeable
42
what are human causes of flooding
infastructure - roads and buildings disappearing gardens felling trees which reduces interception changes in farming
43
what is a hydrograph
they show how a river responds in response to rain
44
what do the axis on a hydograph measure
verticle = amount of rain horizontal= time
45
name 2 types of hydrograph
flashy - storms soil is impermeable a small river basin urban area slow - low flood risk
46
what are river management strategies
river engineering to stop floods
47
2 categories of river management strategies
hard and soft
48
name 4 examples of hard engineering
dams channel straightening embankments flood relief channels
49
describe a dam and outline the 3 positives and 4 negatives
a concrete structure to control flow by creating an artificial lake + provide hydro electric power, prevent floods and increases tourism and recreation - expensive, loss of farm land, habitats damaged and people displaced
50
describe channel straightening and out line 3 positives and 4 negatives
cut meanders + reduce flood risk, decrease insurance premiums, improve navigation - increases flood further down river, expensive, habitats effected, unatractive
51
describe embankments and outline 3 positives and 3 negatives
raise banks so river can hold more water + reduce floods, creates walkways, provides new habitats - expensive, artificial and unattractive, if they fail cause serious floods
52
what landforms result from erosion and deposition
meanders and oxbow lakes
53
where do meanders form
middle and lower course
54
describe how meanders form
fast velocity swings around outside bend of meander eroding banks to form river cliff where water is deep inside bend where velocity is low deposition occurs forming slip off slope overtime lateral erosion on outside bend widens river valley
55
where are oxbow lakes commonly found
middle or lower course
56
what are oxbow lakes
old meander the bend is cut off by faster flowing water during floods
57
which environmental conditions are common for meandering rivers
gentle gradient fine sediment steady rain throughout year
58
what are riffles
shallow area of meander - straighter sections- rocky bends
59
what are pools
deeper areas of meander fine sediment slow flow
60
what landforms result from deposition
leeves flood plains esturies
61
what is a leeves
raised river bank found in lower course of river
62
when are leeves formed
during flooding when water overflows onto flood plain
63
how are leeves formed
as water overflows there is a reduction in velocity this causes sediment in suspension to be deposited on bank each flood casuses sediment to raise
64
name 4 types of soft engineering
flood plain zone flood warning plant trees river restoration
65
describe flood warning and outline 3 positives and 2 negatives
monitors rivers so floods can be predicted warn and evacuate + helps to prepare, it is sustainable , it is low cost - need equipment and people dont always respond
66
describe flood plains and outline 3 positives and 1 negative
local planning restricts land use +low cost, it reduces impermeable rock and reduces insurance - restricts ecconomic development
67
describe planting trees and outline 4 positives and 2 negatives
increases the interception of rain + benefits wild life, natural, inexpensive, helps tore carbon - reduces habitats, loss of farmland
68
describe river restoration and outline 2 positives and 3 negatives
restores straightened channels to meanders and slows down water flow + recreates the natural environment, reduce floods - inexpensive, changes land, some flooding
69
facts about Jubilee River flood relief channel (3)
created in thames in 2002 cost £110 million
70
what 3 catergories of issues because of Jubilee flood relief channel
social issues protects rich areas at expense of poor and paddle boaters disrupted because of wier ecconomic issues most expensive scheme in uk, maintainemce costs are high and additional measures are needed down strean where the problem has been shifted environmental issues it flooded badly in 2014 it damaged habitats and it is unattractive
71
facts about banbury resevoir
completed in 20212 at cost of £18.5 million
72
what are 3 categories of issues because of banbury resevoir
social transport disruptionis improved, new footpaths installed, local less worried about flooding ecconomic issues benefits of protection = £100 million and lower insurance environmental habitats destroyed
73
what is discharge of water
excess water.

GEOGRAPHY (25 decks)

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