Paper 2 Economic change in UK Flashcards
what is happening to the industrial structure of the uk
jobs are changing - you will probably do a different job to your grandparents
why is uk economy changing
because of globalisation
what is globalisation
the way business ideas and lifestyles spread around the world
what are the impacts of globalisation in the uk (4)
1 economic growth - makes us richer
2 cheaper goods and services - because lower wages abroad
3 foreign investment - providing jobs abroad and new technology
4 migration - fills shortage of skills
what is deindustrialisation - give an example
decline in traditional industries - coal mining lots of mines closed, ship building and textiles
what has been the impact of deindustrialisation in the North East
thousands unemployed and this continues 20 years later, people on low wages so other businesses struggle to survive
how has government responded to industrialisation
1 invested in new infastructure - roads
2 encourage foreign investment
3 set up regional development agencies to support businesses, improve skills and plan for growth
which industries are growing in the uk
service industry replaced manufacturing
now knowledge economy is growing IT and creative industries
what is the name for such industries
quaternary industry
how do we identify cities with largest potential for growth
cities are given a score based on the number of quaternary industries, skilled workers with a degree, new start up businesses and good transport connections
what name is given to cities identified as having good potential for growth
growth corridors
where are such cities
london-brighton
birmingham-warwick
liverpool-manchester
where is the M4 corridor
from london to bristol
how has it contributed to the economy
has become home to hitech industry
many well known companies microsoft vodophone are based there
estimated it produces 8% of uks economic output
recently business in M4 corridor are moving to LOndon why is this (2)
the attraction of urban living for young
proximity of similar companies to swap ideas
why is cambridge growing as a hub for hi tech industry (2)
over 1500 IT companies are based there
it is close to M11 - one of uks growth corridors
what is cambrideg best known for
top universities in the world
how is cambridge changing
becoming an IT hub
where i
where is Cambride located
80km north of london
where did hitech industry begin in Cambridege
Cambridge science park opened in1970 one of first unis to link with industry
How did these hi tech companies begin
began as small start ups formed by graduates wanting to stay in the city
what are the advantages for Cambridge as a location for industry (4) and disadvantages (3)
good transport links
graduates from the unis provide a highly educated workforce
there are few traditional industries competing for space so rent is low
city offers a good quality of life
city is overcrowded and congested making it hard to drive
house prices high and rising
road and rail routes need improving
how are rural areas changing
population growth
what is the process of people leaving cities for rural areas called
counter urbanisation
what is happening to population of urban areas and why
still growing because of migration and natural increase
what is greenbelt
green open spaces around major cities that can not be developed
what are the positives and negatives of having green belt
it preserves rural areas but limits available land to build on
why is there pressure on government
there is a housing shortage which puts pressure to allow more building on greenbelt
what is happening to national parks
they are popular with tourists and second home owners pushing up housing prices
where is the greatest pressure on rural areas and why
south east as people want to live in rural areas surrounding london
what are the benefits of this population growth (3)
maintains populations of smallltowns and villages
brings energy into rural areas
helps maintain a demand for rural services that may have otherwise closed
what are the problems with this growth (3)
older people retire to rural areas pushing up average age
new comers often wealthy push up house prices
arrival of new comers and out migration of locals changes rural culture
what is the north of north south divide (4)
hills mountains
most manufacturing was there until deindustrialisation
higher unemployment levels
population growing slowly as people move south for cheaper houses - less demand
what is south of north south divide (5)
flat fertile farmland
less manufacturing so industrialisation was not an issue
higher levels of employment
population growing quickly - people come for work
house prices higher
what are the expectations of north south divide
London higher levels of unemployment
Scotland lower levels of unemployment because of wealthy north sea oil
how is government investment in transport changing and why (6)
for many years investment in roads but congestion is still a problem
So built HS1 London to Kent
Eurostar
HS2 London to Birmingham
100 new roads
100 miles of new motorway lanes
smart mortorways with varying speeds
what are the arguments for HS2(3)
reduce pressure on roads
reduce journey times
bring economic benefits to midlands and north east
who support HS2 (4)
main political parties
large cities
businesses in those cities
Scottish government
Who is against building HS2 (3)
councils on the route
residents close to the route
environmental organisations
what do supporters say (6)
create 1000s of new jobs
generate £40 billion for UK economy
make transport more sustainable
reduce people flying between cities
faster way to travel
carbon neutral
what do objectors say (5)
cost £42 billion
could have improved existing routes
number of people flying is already falling
people already travel quickly
increase carbon emissions
where are the main ports located
coastal and estuaries used to import raw materials and manufacturing goods which were later transported by roads
where are main ports located
close to major cities especially London
where has a new port opened and why
London Gateway on Thames Estuary opened in2013 can take large container ships
which is the biggest UK airport
Heathrow
why does it need to expand
operating at full capacity could increase number of flights
why do people object to Heathrow expansion
suggest Manchester should expand to boost economy in North England and reduce North South divide
why do people argue against Manchester and for Heathrow
London is in danger of losing its role as leading world city
what are the arguments for Heathrow expansion (3)
will help London compete with rivals
employ 76,000
boost economy
what are the arguments against Heathrow expansion (3)
it already is the largest emitter of CO2
noise pollution will get worse
at least 1 village will be demolished
Arguments for the expansion of Manchester (3)
the airport is further away from built up area so fewer affected
22 million live within 2 hour drive of HS2 so will improve connections
boost economy in Northern England
Arguments against expansion of Manchester (3)
the boost to the economy would not be as great as Heathrow
London would not be able to compete with rivals
CO2 emissions increase by 50%
what impacts does car industry have on the environment (5)
1 fuel consumption - drilling for oil uses energy and endangers ecosystems
2 Manufacture - estimated manufacturing a car uses as much energy as a car consumes in it’s life
3 Resources - cars are made from rubber, glass, plastic , paint - use energy to manufacture and transport
4 Air pollution - burning petrol/diesal is a major cause of pollution
5 disposal - end of life go on scrap heap some parts are hard to recycle others leak into the environment
how can car industry be more ecofriendly
CO2 from emmisions from cars is falling
energy and water used in production declined
fall in waste in landfill
electric and hybrid development
how has UKs place in the world changed
British Empire covered 1/3 of world in 20th century
most gained independence and all became members of the commonwealth
what is the commonwealth
ex British Emoire countries share common values of democracy human rites trade
what is the consequence of the empire
most commonwealth countries speak english
