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Paper 2 Economic change in UK Flashcards

1
Q

what is happening to the industrial structure of the uk

A

jobs are changing - you will probably do a different job to your grandparents

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2
Q

why is uk economy changing

A

because of globalisation

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3
Q

what is globalisation

A

the way business ideas and lifestyles spread around the world

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4
Q

what are the impacts of globalisation in the uk (4)

A

1 economic growth - makes us richer
2 cheaper goods and services - because lower wages abroad
3 foreign investment - providing jobs abroad and new technology
4 migration - fills shortage of skills

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5
Q

what is deindustrialisation - give an example

A

decline in traditional industries - coal mining lots of mines closed, ship building and textiles

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6
Q

what has been the impact of deindustrialisation in the North East

A

thousands unemployed and this continues 20 years later, people on low wages so other businesses struggle to survive

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7
Q

how has government responded to industrialisation

A

1 invested in new infastructure - roads
2 encourage foreign investment
3 set up regional development agencies to support businesses, improve skills and plan for growth

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8
Q

which industries are growing in the uk

A

service industry replaced manufacturing
now knowledge economy is growing IT and creative industries

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9
Q

what is the name for such industries

A

quaternary industry

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10
Q

how do we identify cities with largest potential for growth

A

cities are given a score based on the number of quaternary industries, skilled workers with a degree, new start up businesses and good transport connections

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11
Q

what name is given to cities identified as having good potential for growth

A

growth corridors

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12
Q

where are such cities

A

london-brighton
birmingham-warwick
liverpool-manchester

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13
Q

where is the M4 corridor

A

from london to bristol

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14
Q

how has it contributed to the economy

A

has become home to hitech industry
many well known companies microsoft vodophone are based there
estimated it produces 8% of uks economic output

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15
Q

recently business in M4 corridor are moving to LOndon why is this (2)

A

the attraction of urban living for young
proximity of similar companies to swap ideas

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16
Q

why is cambridge growing as a hub for hi tech industry (2)

A

over 1500 IT companies are based there
it is close to M11 - one of uks growth corridors

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17
Q

what is cambrideg best known for

A

top universities in the world

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18
Q

how is cambridge changing

A

becoming an IT hub

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19
Q

where i

A
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19
Q

where is Cambride located

A

80km north of london

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20
Q

where did hitech industry begin in Cambridege

A

Cambridge science park opened in1970 one of first unis to link with industry

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21
Q

How did these hi tech companies begin

A

began as small start ups formed by graduates wanting to stay in the city

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22
Q

what are the advantages for Cambridge as a location for industry (4) and disadvantages (3)

A

good transport links
graduates from the unis provide a highly educated workforce
there are few traditional industries competing for space so rent is low
city offers a good quality of life

city is overcrowded and congested making it hard to drive
house prices high and rising
road and rail routes need improving

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23
Q

how are rural areas changing

A

population growth

24
what is the process of people leaving cities for rural areas called
counter urbanisation
25
what is happening to population of urban areas and why
still growing because of migration and natural increase
26
what is greenbelt
green open spaces around major cities that can not be developed
27
what are the positives and negatives of having green belt
it preserves rural areas but limits available land to build on
28
why is there pressure on government
there is a housing shortage which puts pressure to allow more building on greenbelt
29
what is happening to national parks
they are popular with tourists and second home owners pushing up housing prices
30
where is the greatest pressure on rural areas and why
south east as people want to live in rural areas surrounding london
31
what are the benefits of this population growth (3)
maintains populations of smallltowns and villages brings energy into rural areas helps maintain a demand for rural services that may have otherwise closed
32
what are the problems with this growth (3)
older people retire to rural areas pushing up average age new comers often wealthy push up house prices arrival of new comers and out migration of locals changes rural culture
33
what is the north of north south divide (4)
hills mountains most manufacturing was there until deindustrialisation higher unemployment levels population growing slowly as people move south for cheaper houses - less demand
34
what is south of north south divide (5)
flat fertile farmland less manufacturing so industrialisation was not an issue higher levels of employment population growing quickly - people come for work house prices higher
35
what are the expectations of north south divide
London higher levels of unemployment Scotland lower levels of unemployment because of wealthy north sea oil
36
how is government investment in transport changing and why (6)
for many years investment in roads but congestion is still a problem So built HS1 London to Kent Eurostar HS2 London to Birmingham 100 new roads 100 miles of new motorway lanes smart mortorways with varying speeds
37
what are the arguments for HS2(3)
reduce pressure on roads reduce journey times bring economic benefits to midlands and north east
38
who support HS2 (4)
main political parties large cities businesses in those cities Scottish government
39
Who is against building HS2 (3)
councils on the route residents close to the route environmental organisations
40
what do supporters say (6)
create 1000s of new jobs generate £40 billion for UK economy make transport more sustainable reduce people flying between cities faster way to travel carbon neutral
41
what do objectors say (5)
cost £42 billion could have improved existing routes number of people flying is already falling people already travel quickly increase carbon emissions
42
where are the main ports located
coastal and estuaries used to import raw materials and manufacturing goods which were later transported by roads
43
where are main ports located
close to major cities especially London
44
where has a new port opened and why
London Gateway on Thames Estuary opened in2013 can take large container ships
45
which is the biggest UK airport
Heathrow
46
why does it need to expand
operating at full capacity could increase number of flights
47
why do people object to Heathrow expansion
suggest Manchester should expand to boost economy in North England and reduce North South divide
48
why do people argue against Manchester and for Heathrow
London is in danger of losing its role as leading world city
49
what are the arguments for Heathrow expansion (3)
will help London compete with rivals employ 76,000 boost economy
50
what are the arguments against Heathrow expansion (3)
it already is the largest emitter of CO2 noise pollution will get worse at least 1 village will be demolished
51
Arguments for the expansion of Manchester (3)
the airport is further away from built up area so fewer affected 22 million live within 2 hour drive of HS2 so will improve connections boost economy in Northern England
52
Arguments against expansion of Manchester (3)
the boost to the economy would not be as great as Heathrow London would not be able to compete with rivals CO2 emissions increase by 50%
53
what impacts does car industry have on the environment (5)
1 fuel consumption - drilling for oil uses energy and endangers ecosystems 2 Manufacture - estimated manufacturing a car uses as much energy as a car consumes in it's life 3 Resources - cars are made from rubber, glass, plastic , paint - use energy to manufacture and transport 4 Air pollution - burning petrol/diesal is a major cause of pollution 5 disposal - end of life go on scrap heap some parts are hard to recycle others leak into the environment
54
how can car industry be more ecofriendly
CO2 from emmisions from cars is falling energy and water used in production declined fall in waste in landfill electric and hybrid development
55
how has UKs place in the world changed
British Empire covered 1/3 of world in 20th century most gained independence and all became members of the commonwealth
56
what is the commonwealth
ex British Emoire countries share common values of democracy human rites trade
57
what is the consequence of the empire
most commonwealth countries speak english

GEOGRAPHY (25 decks)

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