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GEOGRAPHY > Paper 2 Economic change in UK > Flashcards

Paper 2 Economic change in UK Flashcards

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1
Q

what is happening to the industrial structure of the uk

A

jobs are changing - you will probably do a different job to your grandparents

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2
Q

why is uk economy changing

A

because of globalisation

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3
Q

what is globalisation

A

the way business ideas and lifestyles spread around the world

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4
Q

what are the impacts of globalisation in the uk (4)

A

1 economic growth - makes us richer
2 cheaper goods and services - because lower wages abroad
3 foreign investment - providing jobs abroad and new technology
4 migration - fills shortage of skills

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5
Q

what is deindustrialisation - give an example

A

decline in traditional industries - coal mining lots of mines closed, ship building and textiles

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6
Q

what has been the impact of deindustrialisation in the North East

A

thousands unemployed and this continues 20 years later, people on low wages so other businesses struggle to survive

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7
Q

how has government responded to industrialisation

A

1 invested in new infastructure - roads
2 encourage foreign investment
3 set up regional development agencies to support businesses, improve skills and plan for growth

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8
Q

which industries are growing in the uk

A

service industry replaced manufacturing
now knowledge economy is growing IT and creative industries

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9
Q

what is the name for such industries

A

quaternary industry

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10
Q

how do we identify cities with largest potential for growth

A

cities are given a score based on the number of quaternary industries, skilled workers with a degree, new start up businesses and good transport connections

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11
Q

what name is given to cities identified as having good potential for growth

A

growth corridors

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12
Q

where are such cities

A

london-brighton
birmingham-warwick
liverpool-manchester

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13
Q

where is the M4 corridor

A

from london to bristol

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14
Q

how has it contributed to the economy

A

has become home to hitech industry
many well known companies microsoft vodophone are based there
estimated it produces 8% of uks economic output

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15
Q

recently business in M4 corridor are moving to LOndon why is this (2)

A

the attraction of urban living for young
proximity of similar companies to swap ideas

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16
Q

why is cambridge growing as a hub for hi tech industry (2)

A

over 1500 IT companies are based there
it is close to M11 - one of uks growth corridors

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17
Q

what is cambrideg best known for

A

top universities in the world

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18
Q

how is cambridge changing

A

becoming an IT hub

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19
Q

where i

A
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19
Q

where is Cambride located

A

80km north of london

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20
Q

where did hitech industry begin in Cambridege

A

Cambridge science park opened in1970 one of first unis to link with industry

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21
Q

How did these hi tech companies begin

A

began as small start ups formed by graduates wanting to stay in the city

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22
Q

what are the advantages for Cambridge as a location for industry (4) and disadvantages (3)

A

good transport links
graduates from the unis provide a highly educated workforce
there are few traditional industries competing for space so rent is low
city offers a good quality of life

city is overcrowded and congested making it hard to drive
house prices high and rising
road and rail routes need improving

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23
Q

how are rural areas changing

A

population growth

24
Q

what is the process of people leaving cities for rural areas called

A

counter urbanisation

25
Q

what is happening to population of urban areas and why

A

still growing because of migration and natural increase

26
Q

what is greenbelt

A

green open spaces around major cities that can not be developed

27
Q

what are the positives and negatives of having green belt

A

it preserves rural areas but limits available land to build on

28
Q

why is there pressure on government

A

there is a housing shortage which puts pressure to allow more building on greenbelt

29
Q

what is happening to national parks

A

they are popular with tourists and second home owners pushing up housing prices

30
Q

where is the greatest pressure on rural areas and why

A

south east as people want to live in rural areas surrounding london

31
Q

what are the benefits of this population growth (3)

A

maintains populations of smallltowns and villages
brings energy into rural areas
helps maintain a demand for rural services that may have otherwise closed

32
Q

what are the problems with this growth (3)

A

older people retire to rural areas pushing up average age
new comers often wealthy push up house prices
arrival of new comers and out migration of locals changes rural culture

33
Q

what is the north of north south divide (4)

A

hills mountains
most manufacturing was there until deindustrialisation
higher unemployment levels
population growing slowly as people move south for cheaper houses - less demand

34
Q

what is south of north south divide (5)

A

flat fertile farmland
less manufacturing so industrialisation was not an issue
higher levels of employment
population growing quickly - people come for work
house prices higher

35
Q

what are the expectations of north south divide

A

London higher levels of unemployment
Scotland lower levels of unemployment because of wealthy north sea oil

36
Q

how is government investment in transport changing and why (6)

A

for many years investment in roads but congestion is still a problem
So built HS1 London to Kent
Eurostar
HS2 London to Birmingham
100 new roads
100 miles of new motorway lanes
smart mortorways with varying speeds

37
Q

what are the arguments for HS2(3)

A

reduce pressure on roads
reduce journey times
bring economic benefits to midlands and north east

38
Q

who support HS2 (4)

A

main political parties
large cities
businesses in those cities
Scottish government

39
Q

Who is against building HS2 (3)

A

councils on the route
residents close to the route
environmental organisations

40
Q

what do supporters say (6)

A

create 1000s of new jobs
generate £40 billion for UK economy
make transport more sustainable
reduce people flying between cities
faster way to travel
carbon neutral

41
Q

what do objectors say (5)

A

cost £42 billion
could have improved existing routes
number of people flying is already falling
people already travel quickly
increase carbon emissions

42
Q

where are the main ports located

A

coastal and estuaries used to import raw materials and manufacturing goods which were later transported by roads

43
Q

where are main ports located

A

close to major cities especially London

44
Q

where has a new port opened and why

A

London Gateway on Thames Estuary opened in2013 can take large container ships

45
Q

which is the biggest UK airport

A

Heathrow

46
Q

why does it need to expand

A

operating at full capacity could increase number of flights

47
Q

why do people object to Heathrow expansion

A

suggest Manchester should expand to boost economy in North England and reduce North South divide

48
Q

why do people argue against Manchester and for Heathrow

A

London is in danger of losing its role as leading world city

49
Q

what are the arguments for Heathrow expansion (3)

A

will help London compete with rivals
employ 76,000
boost economy

50
Q

what are the arguments against Heathrow expansion (3)

A

it already is the largest emitter of CO2
noise pollution will get worse
at least 1 village will be demolished

51
Q

Arguments for the expansion of Manchester (3)

A

the airport is further away from built up area so fewer affected
22 million live within 2 hour drive of HS2 so will improve connections
boost economy in Northern England

52
Q

Arguments against expansion of Manchester (3)

A

the boost to the economy would not be as great as Heathrow
London would not be able to compete with rivals
CO2 emissions increase by 50%

53
Q

what impacts does car industry have on the environment (5)

A

1 fuel consumption - drilling for oil uses energy and endangers ecosystems
2 Manufacture - estimated manufacturing a car uses as much energy as a car consumes in it’s life
3 Resources - cars are made from rubber, glass, plastic , paint - use energy to manufacture and transport
4 Air pollution - burning petrol/diesal is a major cause of pollution
5 disposal - end of life go on scrap heap some parts are hard to recycle others leak into the environment

54
Q

how can car industry be more ecofriendly

A

CO2 from emmisions from cars is falling
energy and water used in production declined
fall in waste in landfill
electric and hybrid development

55
Q

how has UKs place in the world changed

A

British Empire covered 1/3 of world in 20th century
most gained independence and all became members of the commonwealth

56
Q

what is the commonwealth

A

ex British Emoire countries share common values of democracy human rites trade

57
Q

what is the consequence of the empire

A

most commonwealth countries speak english

GEOGRAPHY (25 decks)

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