paper 2 economic development and quality of life Flashcards
what is meant by a countries level of development
how far it has grown economically and technically and the quality of life there
how do you calculate the average wealth of a citizen
measure gross national income by adding together
all goods and sevices produced by the population and income earned from investments, its people and businesses have made over seas
how do you compare level of economic development for different countries
GNI is divided by population
converted into US dollars
adjust each figure based on countries income
How can quality of life be measured (4)
economic - income job security, standard of living
Physical - diet, waste supply, climate, environment
psychological - happiness, security and freedom
social - fa,mily, friends, education and health
How can quality of life be measured (4)
economic - income job security, standard of living
Physical - diet, waste supply, climate, environment
psychological - happiness, security and freedom
social - fa,mily, friends, education and health
Name the 3 groups countries are classified into based on economic development and GNI
LIC - 30 countries classified by world bank as having low income, agriculture is still important to their economy
NEE (newly emerging economy) 80 countries classified by world bank as having lhigher rate of economic growth due to rapid factory expansion and industrialisation
Hic 80 countries classified by world bank as having average or above income - generally office work has overtaken factory employment
where are majority of HICs
northern hemisphere plus australia and new zealand
why is the distribution of NEE and LICs complicated
constantly changing
what is the Brandt line
marks the divide on the map between rich global north and poor global south
why is Brandt line outdated
china is worlds largest economy and many of worlds largest income countries lie south of Brandt line
GNI of some countries in EU is lower than Brazil
large numbers of millionnaires are found on every continent
why does GNI data sometimes give a misleading picture of economic development for a society especially a LIC (8)
1 mathematical mean is a crude way to calculate
2People in LICs and Nees often work hard but not shown in GBI data because subsistence farmers or informal industries
3csome may lie about earnings
4cdata is hard to collect becasue of conflict or disaster
5 rapid migration makes it hard to know how many people live in a place and what they earn
6 GBI conversion into US dollars but value of currency changes
7 errors or ommissions can be made in calculations
8 some LICs might really be NEEs
state the measures of development (5) - the global variations and the limitations of the measurement
1 Literacy rate - % of population who can read and write
most EU countries 99% LICs 40-50%
hard to determine in rural ares, conflict zones, squatter settlements
2 People per doctor
Uk 1:340 in India 1:5000
In India often get healthcare advice by phone and this is not considered
3 access to safe water
All EU citizens must have this by law In Angola 34%
water quality can decline due to flooding. poor maintainence, rising costs force the poor to use unsafe water, data may underestimate
4 Infant mortality - death under age of 1
UK 4 each year Somollia over 100
In poorest countries not all deaths are recorded so official data is underestimated
5 Life expectancey - average years of life
most NEEs 65-70 years + In LICs 55yrs and HICs 75yrs+
what is the corrolation between infant mortality and life expectancy
where infant mortality is high life expectancy is higher than the mean
why is world population growth slowing
more countries are gaining higher levels of development
what is the prediction for population growth in 2050
it will level off at 9 billion as only a few of the worlds countries will be experiencing rapid growth
why is social development such an important factor to consider when looking at population growth
there is a strong corrilation bewteen social developmnet and ecconomic measures
why is human development index important
There are so many factors to think of we combine several development measures into one formula to achieve the human development index
Which are the 3 highest scoring countries on the index
Norway Australia and Switzerland
what can be used to study population dynamics of LICs and NEEs
the demographic transition model
which stage of the demographic transition model are LICs at and why
stage 2 because they had a fall in death rate due to global efforts to takle hunger and disease
which stage of the demographic transition model are NEEs in and why (4)
stage 3 as
1 fewer families live by subsistence farming so parents don’t need to have lots of children to farm land.
2 Healthcare has improved,
3 contraception is available,
4 working women choose not to have lots of children
why dont population rates always corrolate with level of development
sometimes death rates temporarily rise because of conflict or natural disaster
where is the gap between birth rate and death rate widest and what is the result
LIC because they have high birth rate and low death rate has fallen it is widest at stage 2 so there is rapid population growth or population explosion
how does rapid population growth impact on development
can lead to overpopulation -
what is over population
to many people for the resources and land available
what are the indicators of over population (4)
1 falling income - high unemployment low wages
2 environmental degridation - over grazing and poor water supplies leading to soil erosion
3 reduced health and happiness
4 malnourishment - not enough food , spread of disease
is population growth the main cause of overpopulation and its problems - give an example
No the familne in Ethiopia in 1990 population growth was a factor but drought, civil war and lack of help from the government we also factors
what evidence is there that population growth does not lead to overpopulation problems
Most European countries have had rapid population growth but didnt suffer from over population In 1800s they took resources from elsewhere in the emptire
what is the positive of population growth
people are human resources needed for industry
what are historical reasons for varying levels of national development
colonisation - to build global influence to better compete with rival europeans and access raw material and labour
S Ameria, Asia Afriacan cultures were badly effected and became part of transatlantic slave trade
when did colonistaion end
20th Century for most
what new problems were created by independance
conflict - political problems from how countries were divided and reassembled
how is development affected by economic factors
European powers buy materials and food from LIC at low prices - this jepordises their development
what are the reasons for these low prices (3)
1 world trade organisiations have not done enough to establish fair terms of global trade
2 corrupt leaders of LICs have personally profited from selling resources cheaply
3 food prices fluctuate depending on competition and quality for crops
what role do physical factors play in development
can hinder development but not alone as human intervention and money can overcome
how did earthquake in Hati hinder development
Earthquake Jan 2010 Port Au Prince 7 on RS
people harmed - 230 killed 300 000 injured - children orphaned families loose wage earner people cant work GNI falls money spent treating sick
buildings damaged
buildings damaged 300,000 homes damaged 1000000 homeless sickness in refugee camps 25% schools collapse - Lit and Num fall Less business investment
3 physical factors that impact on development
coastlines - link between lack of coast and levels of development as cant trade easily
natural hazards suffered by LIC and HIC but LIC find it hard to develop after whilst HIC continues
Climate - no understanding of why
is quality of life in LICs and NEEs improving for all
no for some it is worse as wealth is not evenly distributed
what is GINI Co efficient in LICs and NEEs
high
what is consequence of uneven development (2)
LICs depend on HICs and NEEs for aid. LICs have to borrow from world bank to pay for hospitals and healthcare and get into debt
On a global scale what does uneven development lead to
unequal flows of people between places
why do migrants move
voluntarily in search of a better life or to flee persecution or disaster
what are economic migrants
leave their country in search of a better life
what are refugees
leave their country to escape persecution or disaster
why has international migration increased
poverty and conflict has increased and people are more aware of the development gap because of technology
what is the consequence of highly skilled leaving NEEs
highly skilled move from NEEs leaving the country that has invested time and money in them development slows and creates a brain drain
what are the positives of migration caused by unequal development
migrants send home remittances bringing money into the country
