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Toxicology > Water Deprivation-Sodium Ion Toxicosis > Flashcards

Water Deprivation-Sodium Ion Toxicosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 potential sources of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Feeding brine, whey or garbage
  • Ingestion of salt licks or ice-melts
  • Drinking water may contain salt
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2
Q

What are 4 factors that can cause excess sodium and water deprivation?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Frozen water
  • Unpalatable (medicated) water
  • Lack of water
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3
Q

is the taste of salt attractive to most animals?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What effect does salt have on mucous membranes?

A

Mild irritant

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5
Q

What is the normal level of sodium chloride found in feed?

A

0.5-1%

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6
Q

What is the acute oral lethal dose of salt in horses, cattle and swine?
In sheep?
In dogs?

A
  • 2.2 g/kg
  • 6 g/kg
  • 4 g/kg
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7
Q

Animals can tolerate more than what percentage of salt in their feed if they have free access to water?

A

More than 10%

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8
Q

Which 3 species are the most susceptible to water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Pigs
  • Cattle
  • Poultry
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9
Q

Which species is less susceptible to water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Dogs

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10
Q

Salt is rapidly absorbed from where?

Distributed where?

A
  • GI tract

- All over the body

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11
Q

How does sodium enter the brain?

How is it removed?

A
  • Passive diffusion

- Active transport

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12
Q

What happens to the excess of absorbed sodium following large dietary intake as long as there is enough water?

A

Rapidly excreted in urine

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13
Q

What does excess sodium and water deprivation result in?

A

Hypertonicity of the blood and toxicosis

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14
Q

What are normal sodium levels in plasma?

In CSF?

A
  • 135-145 mEq/L

- 130-140 mEq/L

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15
Q

Restricted water intake and dehydration increases plasma sodium levels to what?
CSF levels to what?

A
  • 150-190 mEq/L

- 145-185 mEq/L

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16
Q

High sodium in the brain inhibits what?

What does this result in?

A
  • Inhibits anaerobic glycolysis

- Results in lack energy necessary for active transport of sodium

17
Q

What does sodium trapped in the brain attract?

What does this result in?

A
  • Attracts water (osmotic gradient)

- Results in cerebral edema

18
Q

What are 2 clinical signs seen early with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Constipation

- Thirst

19
Q

What are 3 other clinical signs that can be seen with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Polyuria
  • Metabolic acidosis
20
Q

What is a CNS sign that can be seen with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Intermittent convulsive seizures

21
Q

Can the seizures seen with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis be elicited by external stimuli?
How long do they last?

A
  • No

- From 0.5 to 2-3 minutes

22
Q

Circling, pivoting, head-pressing, blindness, deafness can all be seen with what toxicosis?

A

Water deprivation- sodium ion toxicosis

23
Q

Which species shows only signs of depression, ascites and collapse with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Poultry

24
Q

T/F: Gastric congestion or inflammation with pinpoint ulcers can be seen with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis.

A

True

25
Q

Fluid can be seen in what 2 places with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Body cavities

- Organ edema

26
Q

There can be prominent edema seen where with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Cerebral edema

27
Q

What is histopathologically pathognomonic in pigs that die early from water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

28
Q

Serum and CSF levels of sodium above what concentration is considered diagnostic for water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

160 mEq/L or more

29
Q

Brain sodium concentrations above what level support a diagnosis of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

2000 ppm

30
Q

What 4 things are used to diagnose water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • History
  • Encephalitic signs
  • Lesions
  • Lab diagnosis
31
Q

What are 4 differential diagnoses for water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A
  • Encephalitic diseases (Trauma, tumor, heat stroke, viral encephalomyelitic conditions)
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
  • Roxarsone
  • Pseudorabies
32
Q

How should water be given in the treatment of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Small amounts of fresh water gradually over 2-3 days

33
Q

Giving water in large amounts with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis can do what?

A

Kill animal by aggravating cerebral edema

34
Q

What are 2 types of fluids that can be used for water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis treatment in small animals?

A
  • IV fluids (5% dextrose)

- Furosemide

35
Q

What is the prognosis for water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
Mortality rate?

A
  • Poor

- About 50%

Toxicology (19 decks)

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