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Toxicology > Toxic Gases > Flashcards

Toxic Gases Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Ammonia has a characteristic sharp odor.

A

True

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2
Q

Is ammonia lighter or heavier than air?

A

Heavier than air

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3
Q

Is ammonia soluble in water?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Humans can detect ammonia in air at what concentration?

At what concentration do their eyes burn?

A
  • 10 ppm

- 25-35 ppm

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5
Q

Which species are most susceptible to ammonia toxicity?

A

Livestock: swine, poultry

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6
Q

Exposure to ammonia at what concentration can cause acute death?

A

5000 ppm

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7
Q

Ammonia is converted to what strong irritant on mucous membranes?

A

Ammonium hydroxide

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8
Q

How is ammonia absorbed?

A

Inhalation

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9
Q

Ammonia causes direct irritation where?

A

Mucous membranes

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10
Q

What does ammonia increase susceptibility to?

Due to what?

A
  • Respiratory infections

- Due to continuous irritation

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11
Q

At what concentration of ammonia do you see a decreased ability to clear bacteria from the lungs?

A

50-75 ppm

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12
Q

At what concentration of ammonia do you see a decreased growth of young animals?

A

100 ppm

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13
Q

T/F: Inhalation of large concentrations of ammonia causes pulmonary edema and lung congestion due to decreased permeability of lung capillaries.

A

False - Inhalation of large concentrations of ammonia DOES causes pulmonary edema and lung congestions BUT this is due to INCREASED permeability of lung capillaries.

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14
Q

T/F: Ammonia toxicity causes acidosis and compensatory alkalosis.

A

False - Ammonia toxicity causes ALKALOSIS and compensatory ACIDOSIS.

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15
Q

What cycle might ammonia inhibit?

A

TCA cycle

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16
Q

Death from ammonia toxicity might be partly due to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Asphyxia

- Electrolyte and cellular metabolic effects

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17
Q

Red mucous membranes, lacrimation, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge (serous and mucous) and keeping eyes shut are clinical signs seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

Ammonia

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18
Q

Decreased growth rate and decreased egg production in birds can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

Ammonia

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19
Q

What clinical sign may be seen with ammonia toxicity as a result of fluid in the lungs caused by pulmonary edema?

A

Dyspnea

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20
Q

What are 3 terminal signs that can be seen with ammonia toxicity?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • CNS stimulation
  • Clonic convulsions
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21
Q

T/F: Chemical analysis are not routinely made with toxic gases.

A

True

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22
Q

Inhaled irritants, organophosphates, polychlorinated biphenyls and cardiac glycosides all cause respiratory insufficiency so they are differentials for which toxic gas?

A

Ammonia

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23
Q

What is the main form of treatment for ammonia toxicosis?

A

Remove source of ammonia.

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24
Q

What is a good treatment for an animal presenting with dyspnea as a result of ammonia toxicosis?

A

Fresh air

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25
Q

What can be given to an animal with ammonia toxicosis in an attempt to prevent secondary infections?

A

Antibiotics

26
Q

What can be given to treat the pulmonary edema that can be seen with ammonia toxicosis?

A

Diuretics

27
Q

What is a toxic gas that can be liberated from the decomposition of urine and feces?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

28
Q

What is a toxic gas that can be a by-product or waste material from industry?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

29
Q

What is a toxic gas that may be liberated in coal pits, gas wells or sulfur springs?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

30
Q

What does hydrogen sulfide smell like?

A

Rotten eggs

31
Q

What color is hydrogen sulfide?

A

Colorless

32
Q

Is hydrogen sulfide lighter or heavier than air?

A

Heavier than air

33
Q

T/F: Hydrogen sulfide is flammable.

A

True

34
Q

Hydrogen sulfide is an irritant because it is converted to what in solution and forms what on contact with moist mucous membranes?

A
  • Sulfuric acid

- Sodium sulfide

35
Q

Which toxic gas reacts with silver, iron, lead and other metals to form black or dark-colored compounds (in the GIT and maybe in tissues)?

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

36
Q

What are 3 sources of ammonia?

A
  • Decomposing manure
  • Burning nylon/plastics
  • Anhydrous ammonia used in fertilizer
37
Q

What type of toxic gas can be found in liquid manure holding pits for swine?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

38
Q

Which toxic gas is associated with natural gas and crude oil production, some coal deposits, by-product of some industrial applications and burning rubber?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

39
Q

Which toxic gas is the most dangerous sewage gas?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

40
Q

Humans can detect hydrogen sulfide in the air at what concentration level?

A

0.025 ppm

41
Q

Hydrogen sulfide causes ocular irritation at what concentration level?

A

20 ppm

42
Q

Hydrogen sulfide causes severe symptoms at what concentration level?

A

50 ppm

43
Q

Olfactory accommodation for hydrogen sulfide is seen at what concentration?

A

200 ppm

44
Q

Sudden exposure to hydrogen sulfide at what level may be quickly fatal?

A

400 ppm

45
Q

What concentration of hydrogen sulfide can cause rapid unconsciousness and death in about 1 hour?

A

1000 ppm

46
Q

Which toxic gas is directly responsible for more deaths in closed animal facilities than any other gas?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

47
Q

Acute toxic levels for most mammals is what concentration range?

A

500-800 ppm

48
Q

Hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 4000 ppm did not result in immediate death in what species?

A

Poultry

49
Q

What are 2 locations where is hydrogen sulfide readily absorbed in the body?

A
  • Lungs

- GIT

50
Q

Hydrogen sulfide is converted to what in the blood?

A

Alkali sulfides

51
Q

Hydrosulfide radicals are normally oxidized to what and then excreted where?

A
  • Sulfate

- Excreted in urine

52
Q

Some sulfides may be trapped by what in the blood?

A

Natural disulfides such as glutathione

53
Q

Some sulfide is excreted in feces as what?

A

Iron sulfide

54
Q

Hydrogen sulfide causes direct irritation of what?

A

Mucous membranes

55
Q

Hydrogen sulfide inhibits cellular respiration by inhibiting what?

A

Cytochrome oxidate

56
Q

What concentration range of hydrogen sulfide can cause permanent effects on the nervous system?

A

50-100 ppm

57
Q

Hydrogen sulfide might stimulate what which can interfere with respiratory drive?

A

Chemoreceptors of the carotid body

58
Q

Respiratory paralysis after 1-2 breaths can be seen with what concentration of hydrogen sulfide?

A

Greater than 2000 ppm

59
Q

Large concentrations of which toxic gas may cause sudden collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, anoxic convulsions and rapid death?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

60
Q

Lower concentrations of what toxic gas can cause signs of irritation to ocular, respiratory, mucosa and lungs as in ammonia?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

61
Q

What color is blood with hydrogen sulfide toxicosis?

What else is significant about the blood?

A
  • Blood is dark

- May not clot

62
Q

Tissues may be what color with hydrogen sulfide toxicosis?

A

Dark or greenish purple

Toxicology (19 decks)

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