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Toxicology > Inorganic Arsenic Toxicosis > Flashcards

Inorganic Arsenic Toxicosis Flashcards

1
Q

Has the use or arsenic increased or declined?

A

Declined

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2
Q

What are 5 potential sources of arsenic?

A
  • Wood preservative
  • Insecticides
  • Herbicides
  • Fungicides
  • Rodenticides
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3
Q

How can calves be poisoned by arsenic?

A

Milk from poisoned cows

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4
Q

What are 4 types of materials arsenic can be found in?

A
  • Paint
  • Pigments
  • Detergents
  • Building materials
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5
Q

What are the 3 oxidative states of arsenic?

A
  • Elemental
  • Trivalent (arsenite)
  • Pentavalent (arsenate)
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6
Q

What does arsenic react with?

A

-SH group

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7
Q

What is the lethal oral dose of arsenic for most species?

A

1-25 mg/kg

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8
Q

What are 3 types of toxicosis that have been seen with arsenic?
What is one that has not been documented?

A
  • Peracute, acute, subacute

- Chronic

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9
Q

What type of animals are most susceptible to arsenic toxicosis?

A

Herbivores

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10
Q

What is one species that can get poisoned by arsenic in ant and roach baits?

A

Dogs

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11
Q

What are 2 species that are rarely poisoned by arsenic?

A
  • Swine

- Chickens

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12
Q

Name the forms of arsenic in order from least to most toxic.

A
  • Organic
  • Pentavalent
  • Inorganic trivalent
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13
Q

Where is pentavalent converted to trivalent?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What are 3 routes of entry for arsenic?

A
  • GI tract
  • Intact skin
  • Inhalation
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15
Q

Where are 6 locations where arsenic achieves higher concentrations?

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Hair
  • Hoof
  • Nail
  • Skin
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16
Q

Does arsenic cross the BBB?

A

Poorly

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17
Q

How is arsenic mainly excreted?

What are 6 other ways it can be excreted in small amounts?

A
  • Urine

- Feces, milk, saliva, sweat, hair, exhalation

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18
Q

Can milk from poisoned cows contain toxic levels of arsenic?

A

Yes

19
Q

What does trivalent arsenic bind to?

A

2-SH groups of lipoic acid

20
Q

What is lipoic acid?

A

Essential co-factor for the enzymatic decarboxylation of keto acids

21
Q

Inhibition of lipoic acid inhibits or slows what?

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

22
Q

What does pentavalent arsenic do?

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and may interfere with vitamins B1 and B6 metabolism

23
Q

T/F: Arsenic has a local corrosive effect.

A

True

24
Q

What type of tissues are more sensitive to arsenic toxicosis?
What are 3 examples of these?

A
  • Tissues rich in oxidative enzymes

- Intestines, liver, kidney

25
Q

What type of cells are most sensitive to arsenic toxicosis?

A

Capillary endothelial cells

26
Q

Are the following signs seen with peracute, acute or subacute arsenic toxicosis:
Sudden death or severe colic, collapse and death

A

Peracute

27
Q

Are the following signs seen with peracute, acute or subacute arsenic toxicosis:
Rapid onset, severe colic, staggering, salivation, vomiting, thirst, watery diarrhea which may be hemorrhagic, possible hematuria, and death in 1-3 days

A

Acute

28
Q

Are the following signs seen with peracute, acute or subacute arsenic toxicosis:
Colic, anorexia, depression, diarrhea with blood or mucosal shreds, dehydration, partial paralysis of hind limbs, and death in several days

A

Subacute

29
Q

GI mucosal edema and hemorrhage with sloughing and perforation, liver and kidney damage can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

Arsenic toxicosis

30
Q

What can be seen microscopically with arsenic toxicosis?

A

Capillary degeneration

31
Q

Skin exposure to arsenic can cause what in addition to systemic signs?

A

Skin lesions and blistering

32
Q

What is the best antemortem specimen for chemical analysis for arsenic toxicosis?
Best 2 postmortem specimens?

A
  • Urine

- Liver and kidney

33
Q

What is the normal tissue residue level of arsenic?

A

0.5 ppm

34
Q

What level of arsenic in the liver or kidney gives a strong indication of arsenic toxicosis?

A

7-10 ppm

35
Q

Is there an increase or decrease in PCV with arsenic toxicosis?
BUN?

A
  • Increase PCV

- Increase BUN

36
Q

Signs of sudden onset of bloody diarrhea or watery diarrhea with mucosal shreds can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

Arsenic toxicosis

37
Q

Caustics, irritant plants, urea, pesticides, severe acute heavy metal toxicosis, monensin, blister beetles in horses, OP, hypomagnesemia and enteric bacterial and viral diseases are differential diagnoses for what toxicosis?

A

Arsenic poisoning

38
Q

What type of treatment is given with arsenic toxicosis?

A

Emergency and supportive treatment

39
Q

What are 4 forms of decontamination that can be used with arsenic toxicosis?

A
  • Gastric lavage
  • Mineral oil
  • Activated charcoal
  • Demulcents to coat GI mucosa
40
Q

What is contraindicated in the decontamination of arsenic toxicosis?

A

Emetics and strong cathartics

41
Q

What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Dimercaprol

42
Q

What is important with the use of dimercaprol?

Why?

A
  • Following dosage and dosage regimen

- May increase toxicity by mobilization of arsenic with wrong dose and cause toxic side effects

43
Q

What is a drug that is safer but less effective than dimercaprol in severe toxicosis?

A

Dimercaptosuccinic acid

44
Q

What is the prognosis for arsenic toxicosis?

A

Grave if not treated early

Toxicology (19 decks)

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