Organic Synthetic Herbicides

Question 1

What are 4 amides that are organic synthetic herbicides?

Answer 1

• Alachlor
• Bensulide
• Propachlor
• Propanil

Question 2

What is a benzoic acid that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 2

Chloramben

Question 3

What is a carbamate that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 3

Chloropropham

Question 4

What is a dinitroanilines that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 4

Benefin

Question 5

What is a diphenyl ester that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 5

Nitrofen

Question 6

What are two dipyridyls that are organic synthetic herbicides?

Answer 6

• Paraquat

- Diquat

Question 7

What is a nitrile that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 7

Dichlobenil

Question 8

What is an organoarsenical that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 8

MSMA (methyl arsonic acid)

Question 9

What is a phenoxy acid that an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 9

2,4-D

Question 10

What is a phthalamic acid that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

Answer 10

Naptalam

Question 11

What are 2 thiocarbamates that are organic synthetic herbicides?

Answer 11

• EPTC

- Triallate

Question 12

What are 2 triazines that are organic synthetic herbicides?

Answer 12

• Atrazine

- Simazine

Question 13

T/F: Generally, phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) sprayed on forages in the recommended concentration do not cause poisoning.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are 2 ways phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) are ingested by cattle?

Answer 14

• Accidental ingestion of concentrates or sprays

- Grazing freshly sprayed pastures

Question 15

What is a way that phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) are ingested by pets?

Answer 15

Access to freshly sprayed lawns

Question 16

Which herbicide alters the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity by increasing accumulation of nitrate or cyanide?

Answer 16

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

Question 17

What is an herbicide that might improve palatability of some poisonous plants increasing poisoning?

Answer 17

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

Question 18

Are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) stable in the environment?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) degraded by rumen microflora?

Answer 19

No and they do not alter rumen microflora

Question 20

What do phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) irritate?

Answer 20

GI mucosa

Question 21

What are 2 things the toxicity of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) depend on?

Answer 21

• Species

- Duration of exposure

Question 22

Which 2 species are the most susceptible to phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 22

• Cattle

- Dogs

Question 23

Which species is more sensitive to phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 23

Dogs

Question 24

What is the acute oral LD50 of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) in dogs?

Answer 24

100 mg/kg

Question 25

What are 2 ways phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) can be absorbed? What route is it poorly absorbed through?

Answer 25

- GIT and Inhalation | - Skin

Question 26

What are 3 locations in the body phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) can be distributed to?

Answer 26

- Liver - Kidney - Brain

Question 27

Are meat residues of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) in cattle and sheep likely to occur?

Answer 27

Unlikely unless exposed to very high concentrations.

Question 28

What is the half-life length of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)?

Answer 28

Generally short (few hours) but longer in dogs (up to 3-4 days)

Question 29

How are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) metabolized? Excreted?

Answer 29

- Metabolized by hydrolysis | - Excreted mainly unchanged in urine by tubular secretion

Question 30

What enhances renal excretion of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)?

Answer 30

Alkalinization

Question 31

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) affect what in dogs?

Answer 31

Skeletal muscle membranes

Question 32

Which organic synthetic herbicide uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and depresses ribonuclease synthesis?

Answer 32

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

Question 33

Clinical signs of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) include what?

Answer 33

Mainly GI and NM but generally non-specific

Question 34

What are 5 possible GI clinical signs that can be seen in ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 34

- Anorexia - Rumen atony - Bloat - Diarrhea - Ulcers in the buccal mucosa

Question 35

What are 3 possible NM clinical signs that can be seen in ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity? What is not clinical sign?

Answer 35

- Depression, muscle weakness, emaciation | - No convulsions

Question 36

What are 3 possible GI clinical signs that can be seen in dogs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 36

- Anorexia - Vomiting - Bloody diarrhea

Question 37

What are 2 possible NM clinical signs that can be seen in dogs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 37

- Myotonia and weakness of the muscles especially posterior muscles - Ataxia with rigidity of skeletal muscles

Question 38

At high doses, how fast is the onset of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 38

Rapid, less than 1 hour

Question 39

Opisthotonos and posterior paralysis may be seen in addition to severe GI signs with which herbicide?

Answer 39

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

Question 40

What are 4 clinical signs that can be seen in pigs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 40

- Vomiting - Diarrhea - Muscle weakness - Depression

Question 41

What are 2 types of lesions seen with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 41

- GI damage | - Degeneration of the liver and kidney

Question 42

What is a characteristic finding of ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 42

Rumen stasis with ingested food.

Question 43

Specimens of suspected forage, water, kidney, urine, liver, stomach contents and feces can be used in the lab diagnosis of which herbicide?

Answer 43

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

Question 44

Levels of what 3 enzymes will be elevated in phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 44

- ALP: Alkaline phosphatase - LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase - CPK: Creatine phosphokinase

Question 45

What are 3 elements to diagnosing phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 45

- History of ingestion - Chemical analysis may be helpful - Rule out other disease

Question 46

Is there any specific antidote for phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

Answer 46

No