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Toxicology > Organic Synthetic Herbicides > Flashcards

Organic Synthetic Herbicides Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 amides that are organic synthetic herbicides?

A
  • Alachlor
  • Bensulide
  • Propachlor
  • Propanil
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2
Q

What is a benzoic acid that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Chloramben

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3
Q

What is a carbamate that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Chloropropham

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4
Q

What is a dinitroanilines that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Benefin

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5
Q

What is a diphenyl ester that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Nitrofen

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6
Q

What are two dipyridyls that are organic synthetic herbicides?

A
  • Paraquat

- Diquat

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7
Q

What is a nitrile that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Dichlobenil

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8
Q

What is an organoarsenical that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

MSMA (methyl arsonic acid)

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9
Q

What is a phenoxy acid that an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

2,4-D

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10
Q

What is a phthalamic acid that is an organic synthetic herbicide?

A

Naptalam

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11
Q

What are 2 thiocarbamates that are organic synthetic herbicides?

A
  • EPTC

- Triallate

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12
Q

What are 2 triazines that are organic synthetic herbicides?

A
  • Atrazine

- Simazine

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13
Q

T/F: Generally, phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) sprayed on forages in the recommended concentration do not cause poisoning.

A

True

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14
Q

What are 2 ways phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) are ingested by cattle?

A
  • Accidental ingestion of concentrates or sprays

- Grazing freshly sprayed pastures

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15
Q

What is a way that phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) are ingested by pets?

A

Access to freshly sprayed lawns

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16
Q

Which herbicide alters the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity by increasing accumulation of nitrate or cyanide?

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

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17
Q

What is an herbicide that might improve palatability of some poisonous plants increasing poisoning?

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

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18
Q

Are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) stable in the environment?

A

No

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19
Q

Are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) degraded by rumen microflora?

A

No and they do not alter rumen microflora

20
Q

What do phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) irritate?

A

GI mucosa

21
Q

What are 2 things the toxicity of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) depend on?

A
  • Species

- Duration of exposure

22
Q

Which 2 species are the most susceptible to phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • Cattle

- Dogs

23
Q

Which species is more sensitive to phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A

Dogs

24
Q

What is the acute oral LD50 of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) in dogs?

A

100 mg/kg

25
Q

What are 2 ways phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) can be absorbed?
What route is it poorly absorbed through?

A
  • GIT and Inhalation

- Skin

26
Q

What are 3 locations in the body phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) can be distributed to?

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Brain
27
Q

Are meat residues of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) in cattle and sheep likely to occur?

A

Unlikely unless exposed to very high concentrations.

28
Q

What is the half-life length of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)?

A

Generally short (few hours) but longer in dogs (up to 3-4 days)

29
Q

How are phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) metabolized?
Excreted?

A
  • Metabolized by hydrolysis

- Excreted mainly unchanged in urine by tubular secretion

30
Q

What enhances renal excretion of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)?

A

Alkalinization

31
Q

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) affect what in dogs?

A

Skeletal muscle membranes

32
Q

Which organic synthetic herbicide uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and depresses ribonuclease synthesis?

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

33
Q

Clinical signs of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) include what?

A

Mainly GI and NM but generally non-specific

34
Q

What are 5 possible GI clinical signs that can be seen in ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Rumen atony
  • Bloat
  • Diarrhea
  • Ulcers in the buccal mucosa
35
Q

What are 3 possible NM clinical signs that can be seen in ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?
What is not clinical sign?

A
  • Depression, muscle weakness, emaciation

- No convulsions

36
Q

What are 3 possible GI clinical signs that can be seen in dogs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
  • Bloody diarrhea
37
Q

What are 2 possible NM clinical signs that can be seen in dogs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • Myotonia and weakness of the muscles especially posterior muscles
  • Ataxia with rigidity of skeletal muscles
38
Q

At high doses, how fast is the onset of phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A

Rapid, less than 1 hour

39
Q

Opisthotonos and posterior paralysis may be seen in addition to severe GI signs with which herbicide?

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

40
Q

What are 4 clinical signs that can be seen in pigs with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Muscle weakness
  • Depression
41
Q

What are 2 types of lesions seen with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • GI damage

- Degeneration of the liver and kidney

42
Q

What is a characteristic finding of ruminants with phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A

Rumen stasis with ingested food.

43
Q

Specimens of suspected forage, water, kidney, urine, liver, stomach contents and feces can be used in the lab diagnosis of which herbicide?

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

44
Q

Levels of what 3 enzymes will be elevated in phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • ALP: Alkaline phosphatase
  • LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase
  • CPK: Creatine phosphokinase
45
Q

What are 3 elements to diagnosing phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A
  • History of ingestion
  • Chemical analysis may be helpful
  • Rule out other disease
46
Q

Is there any specific antidote for phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D) toxicity?

A

No

Toxicology (19 decks)

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