Molluscicide Flashcards
What is an example of a restricted pesticide used alone or in combination with other compounds as a molluscicide?
Metaldehyde
Outside of North America what is metaldehyde used as?
Fuel for camp stoves.
What is the most common form of exposure for metaldehyde?
Ingestion of baits
What are 4 forms metaldehyde can come in?
- Liquid
- Powder
- Meal
- Gel/paste
What percentage concentration of metaldehyde is allowed in the US?
In Europe?
- 2-5%
- 50%
What is a polymer of acetaldehyde that is a flammable irritant?
Metaldehyde
Is metaldehyde soluble in water?
Poorly soluble
Products can release metaldehyde for how long under moderately moist conditions?
10-14 days
What are 4 species of animals susceptible to metaldehyde toxicity?
- Dogs
- Cats
- Livestock
- Horses
Which are more sensitive to metaldehyde toxicity, cats or dogs?
Cats
Which animals is more likely to ingest metaldehyde, a dog or a cat?
Dog
Metaldehyde is more toxic through what route of exposure?
Which route is more common?
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
In what type of environment does metaldehyde undergo acid hydrolysis to acetaldehyde?
Gastric environment
Where is metaldehyde readily absorbed from in the body?
GI tract
Does Metaldehyde cross the BBB?
Acetaldehyde?
- Yes
- Yes
What is an example of a molluscicide?
Methaldehyde
Where is metaldehyde metabolized?
Liver
What might decrease the toxicity of metaldehyde?
What is an example of one?
- Enzyme inducer
- Phenobarbital
What is acetaldehyde metabolized by?
What is it converted to?
Then what happens?
- Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Converted to CO2
- Exhaled
Can metaldehyde undergo enterohepatic recirculation?
Yes
Metaldehyde decreases brain concentrations of what 3 neurotransmitters?
- GABA
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin (5-HT)
If GABA is decreased, What are 2 examples of CNS signs that might occur?
- Seizures
- CNS excitation
How is metaldehyde responsible for the breakdown of 5-HT and norepinephrine, thus reducing their levels?
By increasing MAO
What are 2 GI/systemic signs that metaldehyde can cause?
- GI irritation
- Metabolic acidosis
What can CNS excitation lead to?
Hyperthermia
What is often the cause of death with metaldehyde toxicosis?
Respiratory failure
Dogs that survive acute metaldehyde toxicosis may develop what?
Has this been reported in cats?
- Liver failure
- No
The “shake and bake” seen with metaldehyde toxicosis refers to what 2 clinical signs?
- Acute neurotoxicosis
- Hyperthermia
Onset of clinical signs with metaldehyde toxicosis are usually seen when?
Within 3 hours
What are 3 GI signs that can be seen with metaldehyde toxicosis?
- Salivation
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Incoordination, muscle tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsive seizures and opisthotonos are CNS signs that can be seen with what type of toxicosis?
Metaldehyde toxicosis
Are convulsions seen with metaldehyde toxicosis elicitable by stimuli in cats?
In dogs?
- Yes
- Sometimes
