Molluscicide

Question 1

What is an example of a restricted pesticide used alone or in combination with other compounds as a molluscicide?

Answer 1

Metaldehyde

Question 2

Outside of North America what is metaldehyde used as?

Answer 2

Fuel for camp stoves.

Question 3

What is the most common form of exposure for metaldehyde?

Answer 3

Ingestion of baits

Question 4

What are 4 forms metaldehyde can come in?

Answer 4

• Liquid
• Powder
• Meal
• Gel/paste

Question 5

What percentage concentration of metaldehyde is allowed in the US?
In Europe?

Answer 5

• 2-5%

- 50%

Question 6

What is a polymer of acetaldehyde that is a flammable irritant?

Answer 6

Metaldehyde

Question 7

Is metaldehyde soluble in water?

Answer 7

Poorly soluble

Question 8

Products can release metaldehyde for how long under moderately moist conditions?

Answer 8

10-14 days

Question 9

What are 4 species of animals susceptible to metaldehyde toxicity?

Answer 9

• Dogs
• Cats
• Livestock
• Horses

Question 10

Which are more sensitive to metaldehyde toxicity, cats or dogs?

Answer 10

Cats

Question 11

Which animals is more likely to ingest metaldehyde, a dog or a cat?

Answer 11

Dog

Question 12

Metaldehyde is more toxic through what route of exposure?

Which route is more common?

Answer 12

• Inhalation

- Ingestion

Question 13

In what type of environment does metaldehyde undergo acid hydrolysis to acetaldehyde?

Answer 13

Gastric environment

Question 14

Where is metaldehyde readily absorbed from in the body?

Answer 14

GI tract

Question 15

Does Metaldehyde cross the BBB?

Acetaldehyde?

Answer 15

• Yes

- Yes

Question 16

What is an example of a molluscicide?

Answer 16

Methaldehyde

Question 17

Where is metaldehyde metabolized?

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

What might decrease the toxicity of metaldehyde?

What is an example of one?

Answer 18

• Enzyme inducer

- Phenobarbital

Question 19

What is acetaldehyde metabolized by?
What is it converted to?
Then what happens?

Answer 19

• Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase
• Converted to CO2
• Exhaled

Question 20

Can metaldehyde undergo enterohepatic recirculation?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Metaldehyde decreases brain concentrations of what 3 neurotransmitters?

Answer 21

• GABA
• Norepinephrine
• Serotonin (5-HT)

Question 22

If GABA is decreased, What are 2 examples of CNS signs that might occur?

Answer 22

• Seizures

- CNS excitation

Question 23

How is metaldehyde responsible for the breakdown of 5-HT and norepinephrine, thus reducing their levels?

Answer 23

By increasing MAO

Question 24

What are 2 GI/systemic signs that metaldehyde can cause?

Answer 24

• GI irritation

- Metabolic acidosis

Question 25

What can CNS excitation lead to?

Answer 25

Hyperthermia

Question 26

What is often the cause of death with metaldehyde toxicosis?

Answer 26

Respiratory failure

Question 27

Dogs that survive acute metaldehyde toxicosis may develop what?
Has this been reported in cats?

Answer 27

• Liver failure

- No

Question 28

The “shake and bake” seen with metaldehyde toxicosis refers to what 2 clinical signs?

Answer 28

• Acute neurotoxicosis

- Hyperthermia

Question 29

Onset of clinical signs with metaldehyde toxicosis are usually seen when?

Answer 29

Within 3 hours

Question 30

What are 3 GI signs that can be seen with metaldehyde toxicosis?

Answer 30

• Salivation
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

Question 31

Incoordination, muscle tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsive seizures and opisthotonos are CNS signs that can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

Answer 31

Metaldehyde toxicosis

Question 32

Are convulsions seen with metaldehyde toxicosis elicitable by stimuli in cats?
In dogs?

Answer 32

• Yes

- Sometimes