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Toxicology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 main aspects of clinical toxicology?

A
  • Diagnosis

- Treatment

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2
Q

T/F: Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the difference between drugs and poisons?

A

The dose is the difference.

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4
Q

What are foreign chemicals that the body does not produce?

A

Xenobiotics

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5
Q

Are drugs and poisons xenobiotics?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is one of the most common sources of animal toxicants?

A

Human drugs

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7
Q

What is any substance that when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal?

A

Poison (toxicant)

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8
Q

What are 4 natural sources of poisons?

A
  • Plant
  • Animal
  • Mineral
  • Fungi/bacteria
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9
Q

What is a poison from a biologic process known as?

A

Toxin (biotoxin)

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10
Q

What term is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons?

A

Toxic

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11
Q

What is the term used for the disease caused by exposure to a poison?

A

Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)

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12
Q

What is the term used for the amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects?

A

Toxicity

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13
Q

How is toxicity usually expressed in mammals?

A

LD50 (lethal dose 50) in mg/kg body weight

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14
Q

How is toxicity expressed in birds?

In fish?

A
  • LC50 (lethal concentration fifty) in mg/kg feed

- LC50 in mg/liter water

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15
Q

What is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24-hour period?

A

Acute toxicity

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16
Q

What is the effect produced by daily exposure from one day to 30 days?

A

Subacute toxicity

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17
Q

What is the effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days?

A

Subchronic toxicity

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18
Q

What is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more?

A

Chronic toxicity

19
Q

What is the ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50 known as?

A

Chronicity factor

20
Q

What is the range for extremely toxic?

A

1 mg/kg or less

21
Q

What is the range for highly toxic?

A

> 1-50 mg/kg

22
Q

What is the range for moderately toxic?

A

> 50-500 mg/kg

23
Q

What is the range for slightly toxic?

A

> 0.5-5 g/kg

24
Q

What is the range for practically non-toxic?

A

> 5-15 g/kg

25
Q

What is the range for relatively harmless?

A

> 15 g/kg

26
Q

What is the highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations?

A

Highest non-toxic dose (HNTD)

27
Q

What does MTD stand for?

A

Maximum Tolerated Dose or Minimal Toxic Dose

28
Q

What does HNTD stand for?

A

Highest Non-Toxic Dose

29
Q

What does TDL stand for?

A

Toxic Dose Low

30
Q

What does TDH stand for?

A

Toxic Dose High

31
Q

What is similar to the highest non-toxic dose?

A

Maximum tolerated dose/minimal toxic dose

32
Q

What is the science of poisons?

A

Toxicology

33
Q

What is the lowest dose which produces toxic alterations but administering twice this dose will not cause death?

A

Toxic Dose Low (TDL)

34
Q

What is the dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death?

A

Toxic Dose High (TDH)

35
Q

What is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period?

A

No-effect level (maximum non-toxic level)

36
Q

What is the No-effect level also known as?

A

Maximum non-toxic level

37
Q

What is the dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation?

A

Lethal Dose

38
Q

What is the highest dose that does not cause any death?

A

LD0

39
Q

What is the dose that kills 50% of animals in a group?

A

LD50

40
Q

What is the lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group?

A

LD100

41
Q

The danger from the possibility of exposure is known as what?

A

Hazard (risk)

42
Q

Can a poison be highly toxic but not hazardous?

A

Yes

43
Q

What can be calculated as the ratio between toxicity and use level?

A

Risk Factor

Toxicology (19 decks)

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