Intro Flashcards
What are 2 main aspects of clinical toxicology?
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
T/F: Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs.
True
What is the difference between drugs and poisons?
The dose is the difference.
What are foreign chemicals that the body does not produce?
Xenobiotics
Are drugs and poisons xenobiotics?
Yes
What is one of the most common sources of animal toxicants?
Human drugs
What is any substance that when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal?
Poison (toxicant)
What are 4 natural sources of poisons?
- Plant
- Animal
- Mineral
- Fungi/bacteria
What is a poison from a biologic process known as?
Toxin (biotoxin)
What term is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons?
Toxic
What is the term used for the disease caused by exposure to a poison?
Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)
What is the term used for the amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects?
Toxicity
How is toxicity usually expressed in mammals?
LD50 (lethal dose 50) in mg/kg body weight
How is toxicity expressed in birds?
In fish?
- LC50 (lethal concentration fifty) in mg/kg feed
- LC50 in mg/liter water
What is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24-hour period?
Acute toxicity
What is the effect produced by daily exposure from one day to 30 days?
Subacute toxicity
What is the effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days?
Subchronic toxicity
What is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more?
Chronic toxicity
What is the ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50 known as?
Chronicity factor
What is the range for extremely toxic?
1 mg/kg or less
What is the range for highly toxic?
> 1-50 mg/kg
What is the range for moderately toxic?
> 50-500 mg/kg
What is the range for slightly toxic?
> 0.5-5 g/kg
What is the range for practically non-toxic?
> 5-15 g/kg
What is the range for relatively harmless?
> 15 g/kg
What is the highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations?
Highest non-toxic dose (HNTD)
What does MTD stand for?
Maximum Tolerated Dose or Minimal Toxic Dose
What does HNTD stand for?
Highest Non-Toxic Dose
What does TDL stand for?
Toxic Dose Low
What does TDH stand for?
Toxic Dose High
What is similar to the highest non-toxic dose?
Maximum tolerated dose/minimal toxic dose
What is the science of poisons?
Toxicology
What is the lowest dose which produces toxic alterations but administering twice this dose will not cause death?
Toxic Dose Low (TDL)
What is the dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death?
Toxic Dose High (TDH)
What is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period?
No-effect level (maximum non-toxic level)
What is the No-effect level also known as?
Maximum non-toxic level
What is the dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation?
Lethal Dose
What is the highest dose that does not cause any death?
LD0
What is the dose that kills 50% of animals in a group?
LD50
What is the lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group?
LD100
The danger from the possibility of exposure is known as what?
Hazard (risk)
Can a poison be highly toxic but not hazardous?
Yes
What can be calculated as the ratio between toxicity and use level?
Risk Factor
