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Toxicology > Ionophore Toxicosis > Flashcards

Ionophore Toxicosis Flashcards

1
Q

What can ionophores be used for in cattle, poultry and goats?

A

Anticoccidial

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2
Q

What can ionophores also be used for in cattle?

A

Growth promoter feed additive

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3
Q

Which ionophore is approved to improve efficiency of milf production in dairy cattle in the US?

A

Monensin

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4
Q

What are 2 things ionophores can reduce in ruminants?

A
  • Bloat

- Rumen acidosis

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5
Q

What can ionophores prevent in cattle?

A

Tryptophan-induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema

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6
Q

What are 6 examples of ionophores?

A
  • Monensin
  • Lasalocid
  • Salinomycin
  • Narasin
  • Semduramicin sodium
  • Laidlomycin propionate potassium
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7
Q

Are ionophores soluble in water?
In organic solvents?
Oils?

A
  • Slightly
  • Yes
  • Yes
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8
Q

How do ionophores cross cell membranes?

A

Form lipid-soluble complexes with polar cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)

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9
Q

Which is the most commonly found ionophore?

A

Monensin

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10
Q

What is the most common source of ionophore toxicity in chickens, cattle and swine?

A

Eating feeds that contain more than the recommended levels of ionophores.

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11
Q

What is the most common source of ionophore toxicity in horses, sheep and dogs?

A

Eating feeds with added ionophores, accidentally or intentionally.

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12
Q

Which animals are susceptible to ionophore toxicity?

A

All animals

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13
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to ionophore toxicosis?
Which is intermediate?
Which is least?

A
  • Most: horses
  • Intermediate: cattle
  • Least: poultry
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14
Q

Concurrent administration of what 5 drugs can increase the toxicosis of ionophores?

A
  • Tiamulin
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Sulfonamides
  • Cardiac glycosides
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15
Q

Ruminants absorb about 50% but monogastric animals absorb most of which ionophore?

A

Monensin

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16
Q

What type of blood and tissue levels are seen with monensin?

A

Relatively small

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17
Q

Does monensin accumulate in tissues of animals when given in high doses?

A

No

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18
Q

Where and how are ionophores metabolized?

Excreted?

A
  • Rapidly by P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver
  • Mainly in bile
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19
Q

Why are ionophores metabolized more slowly in horses compared to other species?

A

Horses have the lowest oxidative demethylase levels compared to other domestic species.

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20
Q

What do ionophores disrupt?

A

Transmembrane electrochemical gradients

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21
Q

What are the main targets of ionophores?

What are 3 examples of these targets?

A
  • Mitochondria of highly energetic tissues

- Myocardium, skeletal muscles, kidney

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22
Q

What does the influx of the sodium-ionophore complex cause?

A

Increasing intracellular sodium accompanied by increasing intracellular calcium

23
Q

Does ionophore toxicosis lead to increased or decreased cytoplasmic calcium levels?

A

Increased

24
Q

Why does cell death occur with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Disrupting of homeostatic mechanisms

25
Q

Catecholamine release from ionophore toxicosis results in what?

A

Oxidation products and free radicals causing sarcolemmal membrane damage.

26
Q

What are 4 examples of excitable cell types where disruption of ion concentrations resulting from ionophore toxicosis can alter their functions?

A
  • Neurons
  • Myocardium
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Smooth muscles
27
Q

Is the onset of ionophore toxicosis in horses slow or rapid?

A

Rapid

28
Q

Anorexia, profuse sweating, colic, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrythmias, prostration and death can result from what type of toxicosis in horses?

A

Ionophore toxicosis

29
Q

Which of the following is not a sign of ionophore toxicosis in cattle: anorexia, diarrhea, depression, tachycardia, labored breathing, ataxia, prostration, death

A

Tachycardia

30
Q

What are 2 clinical signs of ionophore toxicosis specific to poultry?

A
  • Resting on the knees with wings and leg directed outward

- Decreased egg production

31
Q

Ataxia, muscle weakness of hind limbs, respiratory paralysis, dysuria, constipation and depression are clinical signs of ionophore toxicosis seen in which species?

A

Dogs

32
Q

What is main lesion seen in horses with ionophore toxicosis?

Another lesion that can be seen?

A
  • Cardiac muscle lesions

- Skeletal muscle lesions

33
Q

Skeletal muscle lesions are the main lesions seen with ionophore toxicosis in what 3 species?

A
  • Sheep
  • Swine
  • Dogs
34
Q

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle lesions are seen with which 2 species?

A
  • Cattle

- Poultry

35
Q

What do chemical analysis methods or ionophores detect?

A

Ppb levels

36
Q

What is the best type of sample for ionophore detection?

What are 3 other possibilities for samples?

A
  • Feed

- GI contents, liver, feces

37
Q

With ionophore toxicosis, what 4 enzymes can have elevated levels?

A
  • Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
  • Aspartate transaminase (AST)
  • Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
  • Alkaline phosphatase ( ALP)
38
Q

What 2 electrolyte levels are decrease during the first 12 hours of ionophore toxicosis?
What electrolyte level has no change?

A
  • Ca2+, K+

- Na+

39
Q

What happens to PCV during ionophore toxicosis?

A

Increases

40
Q

Diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis is made with what 4 elements?

A
  • History (feed-related problem)
  • Clinical signs
  • Lesions
  • Lab diagnosis
41
Q

What does a general differential diagnosis for ionophore toxicosis include?

A

Other myopathy and neuropathy conditions

42
Q

What are 3 differential diagnoses are included with horses?

One with cattle?

A
  • Horses: colic, blister beetle ingestion (cantharidin toxicosis), azoturia
  • Cattle: Vit E/selenium deficiency
43
Q

What are 3 plants that can cause skeletal muscle signs similar to ionophore toxicosis?

A
  • Coffee senna
  • Coyotillo
  • White snakeroot
44
Q

What are 4 plants that can cause cardiotoxic signs similar to ionophore toxicosis?

A
  • Oleander
  • Taxus spp.
  • Milkweed
  • Vetch
45
Q

Nutritional myopathy, coffee senna toxicosis, botulism, Na+-water deprivation toxicosis, mycotoxicosis, round-heart disease and downer syndrome (viral arthritis) are all differential diagnoses of ionophore toxicosis for which species?

A

Poultry

46
Q

Is there any specific antidote for ionophore toxicosis?

A

No

47
Q

What should be done right away with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Remove medicated feed

48
Q

What are 3 things that can be given to decrease the absorption of ionophores?

A
  • Activated charcoal
  • Mineral oil
  • Saline cathartics
49
Q

What are 2 things that can be given to correct hypovolemia and support cardiovascular and renal functions with ionophore toxicosis?

A
  • IV fluid

- Electrolyte therapy

50
Q

How long should cardiac function be monitored with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Several months

51
Q

T/F: It is ok for horses to resume normal work 2 weeks after ionophore toxicosis.

A

False - Horses should not be ridden or stressed for several months.

52
Q

What may decrease muscle damage from ionophore toxicosis, especially in cattle and swine?

A

Vitamin E/selenium

53
Q

Horses that survive ionophore toxicosis may suffer from what?

A

Myocardial scarring and necrosis

54
Q

Will horses that survive ionophore toxicosis always fully recover?

A

No, horses may not reach previous performance levels.

Toxicology (19 decks)

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