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Toxicology > Copper Toxicosis > Flashcards

Copper Toxicosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 forms of copper toxicosis?

A
  • Acute

- Chronic

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2
Q

Is acute copper toxicosis common?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the usual source of acute copper toxicosis?

A

Ingestion of high concentrations of copper

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4
Q

Rapid onset of severe GI signs including vomiting, colic, hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration and shock, due to the direct corrosive action of copper are clinical signs for what type of toxicosis?

A

Acute copper toxicosis

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5
Q

What is the treatment for acute copper toxicosis?

A

Supportive and symptomatic therapy

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6
Q

What are 3 potential sources for chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • Excess copper
  • Molybdenum deficiency
  • Unavailability of sulfate
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7
Q

What are 4 sources of excess copper?

A
  • Feed additives
  • Natural copper in soils and plants
  • Soils contaminated by mining
  • soils fertilized with poultry litter or swine manure
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8
Q

What is the normal copper/molybdenum ratio?

A

6:1

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9
Q

Normally, molybdate binds to copper tissues at what ratio?
What do they form?
How is this excreted?

A
  • 4:3
  • Copper molybdate
  • Readily excreted in urine
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10
Q

Rumen sulfates and sulfites are reduced to what which binds to what, reducing its absorption?

A
  • Sulfides

- Copper

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11
Q

Accumulation of copper in which organ is due to imbalances between copper, molybdenum and sulfate?

A

Liver

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12
Q

What are normal feed and forage levels of copper in sheep?

A

10-20 ppm

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13
Q

Normal feed and forage copper levels can cause copper accumulation in sheep with what 2 conditions?

A
  • Molybdenum is deficient (less than 1-2 ppm)

- Sulfate is unavailable

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14
Q

How long does it take for sufficient levels of copper to accumulate in sheep for chronic copper toxicosis?

A

2-10 weeks of exposure

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15
Q

Liver damage can cause what?

What is this called?

A
  • Copper accumulation by hepatocytes

- Secondary copper toxicosis

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16
Q

What may cause a sudden loss of copper from the liver to the blood?

A

Stress

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17
Q

Where is copper absorbed from?

How is it carried to different tissues?

A
  • Intestines

- Carried by serum and RBCs

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18
Q

What removes most of copper from the blood?

A

Liver

19
Q

What are 3 things copper is bound to?

A
  • Hepatic lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
20
Q

How is copper mainly excreted?

A

In bile

21
Q

What are 2 things copper accumulation in the liver causes?

A
  • Liver degeneration

- Liver necrosis

22
Q

What does release of copper from the liver and excess copper in blood cause?
What does this result in?

A
  • Oxidation of RBC membranes increasing their fragility

- Hemolytic crisis

23
Q

What does copper also oxidize?

What is the result of this?

A
  • Hemoglobin to methemoglobin

- Can’t carry oxygen

24
Q

Sudden onset of weakness, anorexia, pale mucous membranes, icterus, hemoglobinuria, fever, dyspnea and shock are clinical signs of what type of toxicosis?

A

Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep

25
Q

How does the liver appear with chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?
The kidneys?

A
  • Enlarged, yellow and friable

- Enlarged, hemorrhagic, bluish-dark and friable (gunmetal kidneys)

26
Q

How does the spleen appear with chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A

Enlarged and dark brown to black (blackberry jam spleen)

27
Q

What is considered to be an elevated serum or whole blood copper level?

A

> 1.5 ppm

28
Q

What is considered to be an elevated liver copper level?

Kidney copper level?

A
  • > 150 ppm

- > 15 ppm

29
Q

What are 2 liver enzymes that will be elevated 3-6 weeks before a hemolytic crisis?

A
  • AST

- LDH

30
Q

Sudden onset of hemoglobinuria, jaundice, signs of shock and respiratory insufficiency and lesions of hemolysis are part of the diagnosis of which toxicosis?

A

Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep

31
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • Hemolytic agents
  • Poisonous plants
  • Certain snake venom
  • Infectious diseases
32
Q

What are 5 examples of hemolytic agents that need to be differentiated from chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • Zinc
  • Naphthalene
  • Phenolics
  • DMSO
  • Guaifenesin
33
Q

What are 4 examples of poisonous plants that need to be differentiated from chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • Onion
  • Gossypol (cottonseed)
  • Red maple (Acer rubrum)
  • Mustard
34
Q

What are 4 examples of infectious diseases that need to be differentiated from chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A
  • Leptospirosis
  • Babesiosis
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Bacillary hemoglobinuria
35
Q

What are 2 things that can be given to sheep for the treatment of chronic copper toxicosis?

A
  • Ammonium tetrathiomolybate

- D-penicillamine

36
Q

What can be sprayed on pastures at a rate of 4 oz/acre in an attempt to prevent chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A

Molybdenized copper phosphate

37
Q

Sheep rations should contain what ratio of copper to molybdenum?

A

6:1

38
Q

Molybdate can be added to sheep rations at what rate for prevention of chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A

2-4 ppm

39
Q

What are 2 things that can be given to individual sheep daily to prevent chronic copper toxicosis?

A
  • Ammonium molybdate

- Thiosulfate

40
Q

What can be given to reduce hepatic copper accumulation?

A

Supplemental zinc (250 ppm)

41
Q

Chronic copper toxicosis in dogs is mainly seen in what breed?
At what age?
Due to what?

A
  • Bedlington terrier
  • 2-6 years
  • Autosomal recessive disorder
42
Q

What are 3 other breeds that can be susceptible to chronic copper toxicosis?

A
  • West Highland White terriers
  • Sky terriers
  • Doberman pinscher
43
Q

Excess free copper causes chronic active hepatitis and liver necrosis due to what?

A

Lipid peroxidation of mitochondrial membranes

44
Q

Is hemolytic crisis due to sudden release of copper more or less likely in dogs compared to sheep?

A

Less likely

Toxicology (19 decks)

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