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Toxicology > Feed and Water Related Toxicants > Flashcards

Feed and Water Related Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most commonly used source for non-protein nitrogen (NPN) toxicosis?

A

Urea

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2
Q

What are 4 sources of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) toxicosis?

A
  • Excess urea in feed as a feed additive
  • Inadequate concentrates
  • Contamination of feed by urea fertilizer
  • Ammonium salts and ammoniated feed products
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3
Q

One part urea produces how much protein?

A

Three parts protein

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4
Q

Urea is changed by urease in the rumen microflora to what?

A

Ammonia (NH3) and CO2

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5
Q

Ammonia aminates what to what?

A

Ketoacids to amino acids

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6
Q

What do amino acids form?

Which is converted to what?

A
  • Bacterial protein

- Animal protein

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7
Q

Alkaline pH enhances what?

A

Hydrolysis or urea by urease

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8
Q

Is urea is acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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9
Q

Which 2 species are most susceptible to NPN toxicity?

A
  • Ruminants

- Horses

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10
Q

What is the most toxic of all NPN compounds?

A

Urea

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11
Q

What is the usual concentration of urea in a grain ration?

Total ration?

A
  • 3%

- 1%

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12
Q

What type of animals are more tolerant to NPN toxicosis?

A

Animals preconditioned or adapted to NPN

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13
Q

What is the toxic dose of NPN in cattle not preconditioned or adapted?
Lethal dose in adapted animals?

A
  • 0.45 g/kg

- 1-1.5 g/kg

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14
Q

What age group of animals is more sensitive to NPN toxicosis?

A

Animals less than one year

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15
Q

What age group is more tolerant?

A

Very young animals (3-6 weeks)

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16
Q

What effect does fasting have on NPN toxicosis?

A

Increases toxicity

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17
Q

What effect does dehydration or low water intake have on NPN toxicosis?

A

Increases toxicity

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18
Q

What effect do feeds rich in urease (soybeans) have on NPN toxicosis?

A

Increases toxicity

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19
Q

What effect does hepatic insufficiency have on NPN toxicosis?

A

Increases toxicity

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20
Q

What effect does a diet low in energy and protein but high in fiber have on NPN toxicosis?

A

Increases toxicity

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21
Q

What is normal rumen pH?

A

5-6.5

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22
Q

Ammonia produced in the rumen at normal pH is in what form?

Is this form able to be absorbed?

A
  • Ionized form (NH4+)

- No

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23
Q

Too much urea and ammonia result in what?

A

Elevation of the rumen pH (8-9) and non-ionized form of ammonia

24
Q

Is the non-ionized form of ammonia able to be absorbed by the rumen?

A

Yes

25
Q

Non-ionized ammonia is converted by the liver to what?

Which is then excreted where?

A
  • Urea

- In urine

26
Q

Too much ammonia will produce what?

A

Hyperammonemia

27
Q

What are 3 things that non-ionized ammonia can cross?

A
  • Cell membranes
  • BBB
  • Placenta
28
Q

The toxicity of urea is due to what?

A

Ammonia

29
Q

What does ammonia inhibit?

This results in what 3 things?

A
  • Citric acid cycle

- Lack of energy, decreased cellular respiration, tissue damage

30
Q

NPN toxicosis results in an increase in what 8 things?

A
  • Blood ammonia
  • Anaerobic glycolysis
  • Blood lactate
  • Systemic acidosis
  • Blood glucose
  • Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
  • Serum potassium
  • Phosphorus
31
Q

Increases in transaminases and PCV can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

NPN toxicosis

32
Q

What are 2 possible causes of death seen with NPN toxicosis?

A
  • Cardiac failure

- Respiratory failure

33
Q

Does NPN toxicosis have a slow or rapid onset?

A

Rapid (0.5-3 hours)

34
Q

Restlessness, aggression, muscle tremors, salivation, teeth grinding, colic, bloat, rumen stasis, sternal recumbency while standing on the hind limbs and convulsions can be seen with what type of toxicosis?

A

NPN toxicosis

35
Q

What is a clinical sign not seen with NPN toxicosis?

A

Diarrhea

36
Q

Death can occur in what time frame with NPN toxicosis?

A

1-2 hours

37
Q

Are there any characteristic lesions seen with NPN toxicosis?

A

No

38
Q

The main lesions seen with NPN toxicosis are due to what?

A

Vascular damage

39
Q

Congestion and degeneration of what 2 organs can be seen with NPN toxicosis?

A
  • Liver

- Kidney

40
Q

What is a distinct clinical sign for NPN toxicosis?

A

Ammonia odor

41
Q

Animals dead from NPN toxicosis are what?

A

Extremely bloated

42
Q

What can be analyzed for urea content for a lab diagnosis of NPN toxicosis?

A

Feed

43
Q

Analysis of ammonia can be done from what 3 types of samples?

A
  • Whole blood
  • Rumen fluid
  • Vitreous fluid
44
Q

What should be done to the specimens for NPN toxicosis analysis immediately?
What is the exception?

A
  • They should be frozen.

- Blood

45
Q

What is a sign of NPN toxicosis seen in the rumen?

A

Elevated rumen pH of 7.5 or more

46
Q

What are 4 factors that go into a diagnosis of NPN toxicosis?

A
  • History of exposure
  • Clinical signs
  • Ammonia odor
  • Lab diagnosis
47
Q

What is a DDX for NPN toxicosis?

How can you differentiate?

A
  • Agents which cause colic such as caustic or inorganic arsenic.
  • Generally cause diarrhea (bloody) but no nervous signs.
48
Q

No abnormal posturing, jumping over objects and maniacal behavior is see in urea but is seen in what other type of toxicosis?

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning

49
Q

What type of toxicosis can cause parasympathomimetic signs and responds to atropine therapy?

A

Organophosphate

50
Q

What are 3 agents NPN toxicosis might need to be differentiated from?

A
  • Lead
  • Metaldehyde
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
51
Q

What are 4 types of poisoning that can be differentiated by necropsy and lab tests?

A
  • Grain engorgement
  • Nitrate poisoning
  • Enterotoxemia
  • Cyanide poisoning
52
Q

With the treatment of NPN toxicosis, what should be treated first?

A

Bloat should be relieved

53
Q

What are 2 things that can be given to ruminants to treat NPN toxicosis?

A
  • Acetic acid 5%

- Vinegar

54
Q

How often should the treatment for NPN toxicosis be repeated and for how long?

A

Every 4-5 hours for 48 hours

55
Q

What can be given for dehydration associated with NPN toxicosis?

A

Normal saline

56
Q

What can be give for treatment of acidosis associated with NPN toxicosis?

A

Sodium bicarbonate IV

57
Q

What is a possible surgical treatment for NPN toxicosis?

A

Rumenotomy

Toxicology (19 decks)

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