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1
Q

What is the main toxic principle for Horsetail?

A

Thiaminase

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2
Q

Thiamine deficiency in horses resulting in neuronal damage and signs of wasting, incoordination, posterior paralysis, inability to rise, muscle rigidity and convulsive seizures are the clinical signs associated with which plant?

A

Horse Tail

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3
Q

What is the main toxic principle of St. John’s wort?

A

Quinone acids (Photodynamic substances)

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4
Q

What is the main clinical sign of St. John’s wort toxicity?

A

Primary photosensitization

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5
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Anthurium (Flamingo plant)?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalates

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anthurium (Flamingo plant) toxicity?

A

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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7
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Precatory bean (Rosary pea)?

A

Phytotoxin in seeds

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of Precatory bean (Rosary pea) toxicity?

A

Severe GI signs, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, convulsions, liver and kidney damage

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9
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Castor bean?

A

Phytotoxin in seeds, oil in seeds

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Castor bean toxicity?

A

Severe GI signs, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, convulsions, liver and kidney damage

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11
Q

What is the main toxic principle of English ivy?

A

Triterpenoid saponins

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of English ivy toxicity?

A

Salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic and hypothermia

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13
Q

Triterpenoid saponins, hemolytic saponin, tannin, caffeine, theobromine, cardiotoxic action are the main toxic principles of which plant?

A

Holly

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Holly toxicity?

A

Mainly GI signs including salivation, vomiting, colic and diarrhea

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15
Q

What part of an Elephants Ear is toxic?

A

All parts of the plant are toxic

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16
Q

What is the MOA of Elephants Ear?

A

Needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue and throat causing irritation.

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17
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Elephants Ear?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate

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18
Q

What are the 3 toxins of Coontie and Sago palm?

A
  • Cycasin
  • B-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)
  • Unknown toxin
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19
Q

Which toxin of Coontie and Sago palm is a glycoside that causes GI irritation, liver damage and is also teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic?

A

Cycasin

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20
Q

Which toxin of Coontie and Sago palm is a neurotoxic amino acid?

A

B-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)

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21
Q

Which toxin of Coontie and Sago palm may cause axonal degeneration in the CNS?

A

Unknown toxin

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22
Q

What are 2 clinical signs of Coontie toxicity seen in dogs?

A
  • GI signs

- Liver damage

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23
Q

What are 2 clinical signs of Coontie toxicity seen in sheep?

A
  • GI signs

- Weight loss

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24
Q

What clinical signs of Coontie toxicity seen in cattle?

A

Neuronal signs

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25
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Rattlebox?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

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26
Q

What is the MOA of Rattlebox?

A

Hepatotoxic

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27
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of Rattlebox toxicity?

A
  • Severe liver damage and necrosis
  • Tenesmus
  • Encephalopathy
28
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Jimson weed?

A

Tropane Alkaloids

29
Q

What is the MOA pf Jimson weed?

A

Crosses BBB and blocks muscarinic receptors

30
Q

What is attached to Jimson weed?

A

Spikey balls

31
Q

What is the treatment for Jimson weed toxicity?

A

Physostigmine/Neostigmine

32
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Dumcane?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate

33
Q

What part of Dumcane is toxic?

A

All parts of the plant are toxic

34
Q

Dumcane can cause the release of what?

35
Q

What is the MOA of Dumcane?

A

Needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue and throat causing irritation.

36
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Pencil tree?

A

Diterpene esters

37
Q

Diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of skin and MM by activating protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction is the MOA of which plant?

A

Pencil tree

38
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Pencil tree toxicity?

A

Irritation and blistering of the skin and GI mucosa leading to salivation and vomiting.

39
Q

Are clinical signs of Pencil tree toxicity more severe in small animals or large animals?
Which species in particular?

A
  • Large animals

- Horses

40
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Milk weed?

A

Cardiac glycoside

41
Q

What is the MOA of Milk weed?

A

Cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase

42
Q

What clinical sign does Milk weed cause?

A

GI irritation

43
Q

What does Milk weed toxicity increase?

A

Myocardial intracellular Ca++

44
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Chinese evergreen?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate

45
Q

What part of the Chinese evergreen is toxic?

A

All parts of the plant are toxic

46
Q

What is the MOA of Chinese evergreen?

A

Needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue and throat causing irritation.

47
Q

What are the main toxic principles of Pigweed?

A

Soluble oxalates, nitrates and unknown toxic

48
Q

What is the MOA of Pigweed?

A

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage.

49
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with Pigweed?

A
  • Methemoglobinemia

- Abortion

50
Q

Thiaminase destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (Vit B1) in monogastric animals as the MOA of which plant?

A

Horse Tail

51
Q

Is Horse Tail neurotoxic?

52
Q

What is the treatment for Horse Tail toxicity?

A

Give vitamin B1

53
Q

What can Bracken fern cause in cattle and sheep?

A

Aplastic anemia

54
Q

Bracken fern can cause neoplasms where in the body?

What does this cause?

A
  • Urinary tract

- Hematuria

55
Q

What can Bracken fern cause in monogastrics?

A

Neurotoxicity

56
Q

What is the main toxic principle of Oxalis spp (Sorrel)?

A

Soluble oxalate

57
Q

What are the two colors Oxalis spp (Sorrel) can be?

What shape are the leaves?

A
  • Purple and green

- 3 Triangular leaves

58
Q

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage is the MOA of which plant?

A

Oxalis spp (Sorrel)

59
Q

Which plant can cause liver damage and secondary photosensitization in the horse?

A

Alsike clover and red clover

60
Q

Which plant can cause hemolytic anemia and Heinz bodies in the horse?

61
Q

Which two plants have thiaminase causing thiamine deficiency and neurotoxicity in monogastrics?

A
  • Horsetail

- Bracken fern

62
Q

Which 3 plants have resins/resinoids that cause irritation of nervous or muscle tissue?

A
  • Milkweeds
  • Marijuana
  • China berry
63
Q

Which plants contain copper which can cause hemolysis and acute to chronic signs in sheep?

64
Q

Which 2 plants contain nitrate, causing fetal methemoglobin acutely and a decrease in progesterone chronically, both causing abortion?

A
  • Pigweed

- Alfalfa

65
Q

Aster, Woodyaster, Princess plume, Milk vetch, Golden wood, Paintbrush, Saltbrush Alfalfa and tall grasses (sorghum) all contain which mineral?

66
Q

Which plant is a calcinogenic glycoside (vit D analog)?

A

Day blooming Jessamine

Toxicology (19 decks)

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