Water and pH acid/bases Lecture 3

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Cellular activities performed ; changing food and convert to cell energy ATP

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

metabolic reaction that builds molecules

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Breaking into smaller

Question 4

Nutrients

Answer 4

essential molecule’s in through diet

Question 5

Metabolities

Answer 5

All molecules can be synthesized or broken down by reactions

Question 6

Organic vs inorganic

Answer 6

Carbon, hydrgogen based vs not

Question 7

5 Fundamental Characteristics of Water

Answer 7

1) High heat Capacity
2) High Heat of Vaporization
3) Polar Solvent properties
4) reactivity
5) Lubrincation

Question 8

Specific heat Capacity

Answer 8

refers to the amount of energy required to heat 1 g of a substance to 1 degree. Water has a very high specific heat meaning we can absorb and give energy and this allows us to thermoregulate very well. We can either give energy or absorb it with very little temperature change. Maintain a constant temperature.

Question 9

Heat of Vaporization

Answer 9

Amount of energy required to change something from a liquid to gas. Water requires a large amount of energy to break its bonds due to hydrogen bonding. Allows to have a effective way to cool down due to sweat. Allows for thermoregulation; sweating to cool down the body and expell energy.

Question 10

Polarity

Answer 10

Water has a high polar allowing it to be a great universal solvent. Due to the polarity , molecules promote the dissociation of ions. Allows for ions to dissolve. Positive end on the hydrogen and neagtive oxygen ends creates this polarity
Allows for the dissociation of molecules and cations/anions electrolytes form.

Question 11

Reactivity

Answer 11

Water has a high reactivity which allows for biochemical reactions such as digestion.
Hydrolysis: water is a reactant and is added to a reaction which causes larger macromolecule’s to break into small nutrient’s that can be absorbed. AB + water–> A + B
Dehydration Synthesis: taking water away allows larger molecules to form. A + B –> AB + water

Question 12

Lubrication

Answer 12

Little friction ex) serous membranes

Question 13

Aquerous solutions

Answer 13

water is the solvent

Question 14

electrolytes

Answer 14

soluble inorganic molecules that conduct electricity.

Question 15

Colloid

Answer 15

larger molecules that are evenly distributed among the substance

Question 16

Suspension

Answer 16

larger molecules that leave residue and are not dissolved.

Question 17

Hydrophobic

Answer 17

water hater, non-polar molecules ( lipids, triglycerides, waxes) need carrier proteins.

Question 18

Hydrophillic

Answer 18

Water loving, polar and can move easily in the body ( proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, electrolytes, gluclose)

Question 19

pH

Answer 19

the negative log of hydronium concentration.
ph= -Log[H]
inverse scale
so a high H means very acidic = low ph
low H+ = high pH basic

Question 20

Acids and Bases

Answer 20

Acids are proton donors and will donate the hydrogens and dissociate in water. Produce H+ in water
Bases remove the hydrogen and are proton acceptors. They dissociate in water to produce OH iosn

Question 21

Respiratory Acid

Answer 21

H2CO3 ( carbonic acid) is a voltaic acid and will quickly dissociate into CO2 and H20 when breathed out. Focused on carbon dioxide con.

Question 22

Metabolic Acid

Answer 22

From metabolisum of organic compounds ( non volatine)
- Incomplete oxidation of glucose ( latic Acid )
- Incomplete oxidation of fats ( keto Acids: build up of ketones which raise H+ concentration) Major source of base breakdown of amino acids yielding amonia.

Question 23

Acidoisis

Answer 23

Plasma pH below 7.35-7.45

Question 24

Alkalosis

Answer 24

ph above 7.45

Question 25

Metabolic Acidosis Causes

Answer 25

Can be caused by an increase in latic acid buildup
Kidney disease and H+ ions are not being exerted; phosphoric and sulphuric acids buildup
Vomting causes a loss of the alkaline upper intestine
aspirin overdoes
diabetes mellitus: fatty acids–> ketones–>ketoacidiosis

Question 26

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 26

Occurs when latic acid buildup in venous blood is correct through hyperventilation.

Question 27

Metabolic Alkaloisis

Answer 27

Vomiting acid from stomach and intake through antacids. Dropping your hydronium ion concentrartion and your body has to replace them.

Question 28

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 28

Damage to the respiratory centre in medulla oblongata
Obstruction of the respiratory tract, pneumia. Unable to expel CO2.

Question 29

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 29

Caused by higher altitudes or hyperventilation where too much CO2 is being breathed out. This then lowers your hydronium ion concentration.

Question 30

Buffers

Answer 30

weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 31

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Answer 31

Bicarbonate is going to react with the hydrogen ion to from carbonic acid. Exists in ECF to prevent ph changes. If hydrogens are expelled, they will quickly bind to bicarbonate and produce carbonic acid as a temporary place to mitigate the increase in H+

Question 32

Respiratory Compensation

Answer 32

H20 + CO2 –> H2CO3–> HCO3 + H+
Situation: High Hydronium concentration decreases our pH due to lactic acid . Equilibrium shirts to the left and increases the CO2 in our body. Excess CO2 will cause us to hyperventilate in an attempt to get rid of that excess gas.
Situation: Low amounts of H+ will increase our pH. This will cause our equilibrium to shift right and will cause CO2 to decrease. Low co2 will make us hypo ventilate to conserve it.

Question 33

Renal Compensation

Answer 33

CO2 in the cell will travel to the blood and react with water. (H2CO3) Carbonic acid will be produced which is voltaic and will quickly dissociate into H+ and bicarbonate(HCO3). Bicarbonate will go to the cellular fluid and become part of buffer mechabisum, while the hydrogen ion will flow and shift into the tubule. Then the H+ will react with the bicarbonate to make carbonic acid. Carbonic Acid will be broken through an enzyme and produce water and co2, water will be urinated out while the CO2 will combine with water and produce carbonic acid. cycle repeats!

Overall, the kidneys work by creating water to hold onto the extra hydrogens and balacne pH.

Question 34

Hemogloblin Buffer

Answer 34

Carbon dixoide released by cells travels through the blood to react with water. Carbonic acid is produced and will quickly dissociate into H+ and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate will become a primary buffer while H+ will combines with oxyhemoglobin. Due to the H+ pressence, O2 will be relased into cells. The hemoglobin will hold onto the hydronium.

Now, in the lungs as oxygen eneters and reacts with hemoglobin (with the H+) we will get oxyhemoglobin and hydronium. Bicarbonate will react with that single hydronium producing carbonic acid which as always dissociates into water and co2. getting rid of hydronium through urine or breathing out.