Midterm 1 Review Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body
What is Physiology
Defined as the study of the body’s function
Principle of Complementary Structure and Function
States that the body will build something specific to do a certain function. What a structure looks like is defined by its function and vise versa.
Gross Anatomical branches
- Surface
-Regional (deep)
-Systemic
-Developmental (conception)
-Clinical
Studies the genereal form and focus on specific areas
Microscopic
Cytology (cells)
Histology (tissues)
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical structure provide clues to its function (function is described via parts)
Pathology
The study of disease and disorders ; helps to explain function
Sign / Symptom
Signs can be measured (swelling, bruising, etc)
Symptoms are described by person (pain)
Necrospy
autosopy on
Visection
perform on animals
External Examminations
Inspection
Palpitation
Percussion
Auscultation
Manipulation
Inspection
To look at , cut
Palpitation
To feel, (ankle swelling)
Percussion
To tap to detect hollow or fluid
Auscultation
To listen with stethoscope ( hear sounds, breathing)
Manipulation
Range of Motion
Internal Examinations
X-rays (photographic digital image) , MRI( useful when tissue is surronded by bone) , ultrasound (sound waves)
Endoscope
Thin small tube inserted into the body to look, remove tissue etc
Ophthalmoscope
Look into eye
Scope types
Gasropscopy
Bronchoscopy
Endotoscope
Vaginal Spectulum
Protoscopy
Anthroscope
Laparoscopy
Electroencephaology
Brain activty
Electrocardiogram
heart
Elctromyography
muscle
Angiography
blood
Levels of Life
atoms–>molecules–>organelles–>cell–>tissue–>organ–>system–> body
chemical - cellular– tissue–organ systen-body
Studies:
Gastroenterology
Urology
Cradiopulmonary
Oncology
Hematology
Immunology
Neurology
Orthopedic
Orthodontist
Physiotherapist
Gynecologist
Endocriniolgy
radiologist
Gastroenterology ( stomach)
Urology (reproductive)
Cradiopulmonary (hear)
Oncology(cancer)
Hematology(blood)
Immunology
Neurology
Orthopedic (bones)
Orthodontist
Physiotherapist
Gynecologist (female)
Endocriniolgy (hormone)
radiologist (x ray)
Life Functions
Humans are cellular so cells must be kept alive to function. Organ systems are to keep them alive. All cells need organ systems to meet their needs. Gas exchange and waste, nutrient exchange.
EX) Digestive system breaks down food and nutrients are delivered through the blood. Lungs exchange o2 with co2 and the o2 gets transported through the heart all throughout.
Anatomical Position
Body erect facing forward, palms facing upward
Directional terms
Used to describe ones structure in relation to another. Based off of this anatomical position.
Superior (cranial)
Toward head or upper part of structure. Ex) head is superior to the neck)
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, below Ex) apply to axial parts the stomach is to the heart
Anterior ventral
towards or in front of Ex) the ethmoid bone is anterior to the sphenoid
Posterior (dorsal)
Behind of or towards the back
Medial
closer to the midline
Lateral
away from midline
Intermediate
middle
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment
Distal
further from attachment
superficial
shallow
deep
depe
Longitude
a line parallel to the axis. Planes such as sagital and frontal are longitude as they are a straight line
Tranverse
right angles to axis
Lpislateral
same side
Contralateral
oppoiste side
Axial
The head, neck, truck,
Appendicular
limbs
cephalic region
frontal
orbital
mental
buccal
nasla
oral
Cervical
neck
Thoracic
sternal
axillary
mammary
scapular
abdominal
umbilical
Posteior to Abdominal
lumbar, sacral
Pelvic
inguinal and pubic
Appendicular : Arms
Acromial
Brachial
Antecubital
Antebrancial
Carpa
Manus
metacarapls
Legs
coxal
femoral
patelar
popliteral I behind the patella
Crual
sural
pedal
Tarsa
metatarsal
Body Planes
Sagital Plane: divides right and left antieorally
Frontal Plane (coronal) : Posterior and Anteior makes a frontal section
Transverse Plane: Divides the body from upper and lower, produces a cross section horizontally