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BIO Anatomy and Physiology > Macromolecules Lect. 4 > Flashcards

Macromolecules Lect. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Salts

A

Any ionic compound that does not contain H+ cation or OH anion. produced from the reaction between a acid and base. Cation base and anion acid

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

starches, sugars: organic molecules that always have a carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, polar

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3
Q

Monosacchrides

A

simple building sugar blocks , contain C, H, O and simplest form of carbohydrates
Deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA) are types of these
The joining of two monosacchrides caused by dehydration sythesis.

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3
Q

Isomerism

A

chemical compound with the same formual but different structure.

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two joined monosaccharide’s formed through dehydration synthesis.

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5
Q

Glycosidic Bonds

A

Between indepedent glucose bonds

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6
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides:
1. Starches (Alpha) easily digested and have alpha glycosidic linkages. Increase gut motility, insoluble fibers. Enzymes are better at breaking these.
2. Cellulose (fiber) hard to digest (soluble fiber)
3. Glycogen (easy to digest) stored in liver, muscle and has beta glycosidic linkages made. Stored form of glucose. Ennzymes cannot break.

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7
Q

Hyperglyecemia

A

High blood glucose/sugar, if insluin cannot prepare cells for glucose

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8
Q

Type 1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

A

Destroys Beta cells so there is no insluin

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9
Q

Type 2: Non insulin dependent

A

Cell resistance ; hyperseceretion of Insulin led to cells stop taking in glucose.

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Nonplar, insoluble, and hyrophobic
must have a transport mechanisum as they cannot dissolve.
6 groups:
fatty acids, eiconsanoid, glycerides, steriods, phospolipids, glycolipids

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11
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long hydrocarbons with carboxylic acid group at one end which is hydrophillic. Mainly nonpolar: Allow them to attach to building blocks. Only the hydrophillic end likes water so longer tails are less souble. Building blocks of fats

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12
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated vs trans fats

A

Saturated are each carbon atom is attached, no double bonds only single
Unsaturated there is at least 1 double bond
Transfats have hydrogen on opposite sides and a trans double bond

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13
Q

econsanoids

A

non-polar, lipids which are derived from arachidonic acid (cannot be sythesized) two types:
Leukotrienes: white blood cells released with prostaglandins, inflammatory response
Prostaglandin: local hormone and causes regional inflammation due to damage

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14
Q

Glycerides

A

A result of dehydration synthesis between glycerol and fatty acids chains. One of three dehydration sythesis reactions result in systhesis of triglycerides.

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15
Q

Triglycerides

A

The largest (fat) energy stored in the body and have three main functions. Contains a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains and made from 2 dehydration reactions.
- energy source
-insulation
-Protection

Type of glycerides

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16
Q

Fats (ketosis)

A

(glucose replacement) Result from excess breakdown of fats which create ketones in the liver if no glycogen is available. Leads to ketoacidosis High amounts of hydronium.

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17
Q

Steriods

A

Large lipid molecules based on 4 hydrocarbon structure. (nonpolar) Cholestrol is a buidling block for other steriods in the body.

18
Q

Steroid function

A
  1. Plasma membrane (cholesterol structure)
  2. Sex hormones (testostrone, estrogen)
  3. Tissue metabolism and mineral balance (aldoestrone na regulation. Cortisol: reduces inflam, stress, moblize glucose, and boost immune, mainatin blood sugar)
  4. Bile salt ( cholestral helps to emulsify fats breakdown
19
Q

Coritsol

A
  • maintains blood pressure
  • Bolster immunity
  • reduces inflammation
20
Q

Phosplopidid

A

Sythesized by body from fatty acids. Phosphate group links to a diglyceride to a non-lipid. Make up the cell’s membrane
Has a polar (hydrophillic head) and a non polar (hydrohobic tail)
ECF (mainly h20)

21
Q

Glycolipids

A

similar to carbohydrate and replaces phosphate

22
Q

Proteins

A

The most abundant by weight macromocule in the body. Contains C,H,O,N and is resposnible for:
- Support (creates the framework for the body)
- Movement( muscle contraction , actin and myosin)
- Transport (hemogloboin, ,move insoluble moluecles)
- Buffering ( prevent dangerous pH changes
- Coordination Control (protein hormones influence metabolic functions) help regulate enzymes
- Defence ( skin protection)

23
Q

Amino groups

A

Soluble contains amino group, R group ( makes special) , and a carboxylic Acid (COOH)

24
Q

Dehydration Sythesis and Hydroplysis

A

Dehydration is the removal of water which creates bonds and froms new molecules while hydrolysis is adding water and the bonds link amino acids are broken by this water

25
Q

Structures of Proteins

A

Primary
Secondary
Teritary
Quatenary

26
Q

Primary to Secondary

A

Amino acid sequence is a polypeptide that forms a secodonary structure. The primary chain forms alpha helixes and beta sheets (sprials) due to the weakened interactions between amino groups of hydrogens.

27
Q

Tertiary to Quantenary

A

When the interactions between polypetide chains surround water, it will begin to coil and fold up. The proteins 3D shape takes place due to the cystine which binds itself forming cross linkages as well as the R-group interactions. These coils are premanent.

28
Q

Protein Issues

A

Sickle Cell Amenia: 1 amino group affected
Misfolded Protein (jackob diease)
Primary Structure: valine is replaced by guanine a less soluble one

29
Q

Fibrous and Globular Proteins

A

Fibrous form extended sheets of strands that are tough, insoluble
Globular proteins are compact, soluble proteins , such as enzymes , hormones and they move quickly

30
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that catalyze reactions by weakening bonds which lowers the activation energy of a reaction. They have an active site which have substrates that bind to them.

31
Q

Characteristics of Enzymes

A

Specific: each enzyme catalyst one reaction type
Saturation limits: rate of enzyme reaction is directly proportional to substrates and enzymes
Regulation: cell contains enzymes that can be turned on and off , change shape
Denatured enzymes are caused by ph change and temperature

32
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are a protein that catalyizes reactions by weakening bonds which lowers the activation energy of the reaction. The reactants are the substrates in these reactions which bind to the active site. Bond is formed storing the energy and water is released, the product is created and the substrate is released.

33
Q

Characteristics of Enzymes

A

Specific: each enzyme catalyzes one reaction type
Saturation limit: the rate of enzyme reaction is directly proportional to the substrate and enzyme
Regulation: each cell contain enzymes that can be turned on and off by a change in shape
Denaturation of an enzyme is caused by the pH and temperature

34
Q

Cofactors/ Coenzymes

A

Cofactors (change sturcture) are ions that are not proteins, organic and bind before substrate. Co enzymes are non protein molecules, that are organic.

35
Q

Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

A

Glycoproteins are large protein that have a small carbohydrate group
Proteoglycans are a large polysaccharide linked with polypeptide bonds. Subclass of glycoproteins; the carbohydrate group contains polysaccahride amino groups

36
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

The largest organic molecule , two types are DNA and RNA

37
Q

DNA / RNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acids determine the inherited characteristics, body structure, protein synthesis, cellular metabolism
Contain a phosphate backbone
DNA has a deoxyribose sugar
RNA carries out the DNA, makes proteins and carries out protein synthesis. Has a ribose sugar

38
Q

Nucleotide Structure

A

Phosphate group attached to a pentose and nitrogenous bases

39
Q

Phosphate ladder

A

Dehydration Syethesis connects the pentose of a nucleotide with the phosphate of another.

40
Q

nitrogenous pairs

A

Known as complementary paring;
DNA: Adenine –> thymine
Cytosine–> Guanine
RNA: Adenine–> Uracil
Connected via weak hydrogen bonding
Pyramides: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Pyrites: Adenine and Guanine LARGER

41
Q

Differences between DNA/RNA

A
  1. DNA is double helix structure and RNA is single stranded
  2. DNA contains thymine, RNA contains Uracil
  3. DNA coodirnates most of the functions while RNA follows and carries instructions out
  4. DNA is in the nucleus, RNA in the cytoplasm
  5. DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA has ribose sugar
42
Q

Phosphate Bonding

A

Created through phosphorylation, one phosphate is added to ADP which stores the energy in its bonds. This is key to ATP making energy.
ADP + phosphate+ energy –> ATP and water
Bonds are unstable

BIO Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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