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BIO Anatomy and Physiology > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Joint

A

a joint or articulation is a point of contact between two bones or bone and teeth

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2
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint inflammation

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3
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Replace of existing joint with artificial

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4
Q

Arthoroscopy

A

look inside

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5
Q

Arthraliga

A

joint pain

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6
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

articulating cartilage breaks done and bone is exposed. Bone wears against the joint surface.

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7
Q

Synovitis

A

inflammation of synovial

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8
Q

ROM

A

Range of motion

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9
Q

Joint Structural Classifications

A
  1. Joints are classified based on the presence or absence of space between articulating bones called a synovial cavity.
  2. Type of connective tissue binding bones together
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10
Q

Fibrous/Cartilaginous/Synovial Joints

A

Fibrous: No synovial cavity and bones are held together via a dense irregular connective tissue.
Cartilaginous Joint: No synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage.
Synovial: Synovial cavity present, and bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue of articulating capsules and accessory ligaments. Bones covered via hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Joint Classifications: Function

A
  1. Synarthrosis ( immovable)
  2. Ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
  3. Diarthrosis (synovial joints that are freely moveable)
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12
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Fibrous joints are composed of thin layer of dense irregular tissues.
1. Sutures: fibrous, held together via short fibers in skull. Short, edges
- Synostosis: replace suture with boney tissue ( begin as amphiarthric become synarthic)
- interlocking irregular boders give sutures strength to avoid fracture.
2. Syndemosis: fibrous joint where there is more space between bones and more dense irregular tissue than sutures.
- The irregular issue is arrnaged in bundle to form ligaments preventing much movement. Tibiofibular ligament
- Gomphoses: Also referred to as periodontal joint, forms the root of the tooth and the mandible.
- Dentoalveolar Joint: join between the tooth and the socket.
- Interosseous membranes: Large sheet of dense irregular tissue found between bones.

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13
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Lacks a synovial cavity and allows no movement, articulations are tightly bound with fibrocartilage or hyaline.
1. Synchondrosis: articulation where the articulating cartilage is hyaline cartilage. ( epiphyseal plate , rib, manubrium, immovable joints, become boney in life)
2. Symphyses: articulating where the ends of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage but there is a large fibrocartilage disc connecting bones. (pubic symphysis, interveterbal discs, slightly moveable joints)

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14
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Synovial joints are unique and have synovial capsules between articulating bones. Allows for:
- increased movement
- Bones in joints are covered by aritculating cartilage (hyaline)
- Provides friction free movement
- Contains synovial fluid
Articular Capsule: surrounds synovial joint and encloses the synovial cavity.
1. Fibrous Membrane: dense irreg. attaches the periosteum of bones. Allows for movement and provides strength in one direction.
2. Ligaments: fibrous membranes arranged in bundles resit strain. Holds synovial joints together.
3. Synovial Membrane: inner layer of capsule composed of areolar tissue, adipose fat pads.

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15
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Secreted via synovial membrane
  • Has Hyaluronic acid secreted by fibroblasts
    Functions:
    1. Reduce friction through lubrication
    2. Absorb shock
    3. Supplies oxygen, nutrients
    4. Remove CO2 and waste products
    5. Contain phagocytic cells to remove debris
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16
Q

Accessory Ligaments

A
  1. Extra capsular Ligaments: Lie outside of articulating capsules ( FIbula, tibia, collateral ligaments)
    - TCL (MCL): Tibial Collateral Ligament: Prevent Medial movement of Tibia.
    - FCL (LCL): Fibula Collateral Ligament: Prevent lateral movement of tibia
  2. Intracapsular Ligaments: inside the articulating capsule.
    - ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament- prevent knee hyperextension
    - PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament- prevents tibia from sliding behind femor
17
Q

Articulating Discs

A

Menisci articulating disc: crescent shaped fibrocartilage lis behind articulate surfaces and attaches to fibrous capsule.

18
Q

Functions of Articulating Discs:

A
  1. Shock Absorption
  2. Better fit between articulating discs
  3. Weight distribution
  4. Compound Movements
  5. Evenly spread synovial fluid
19
Q

Labra (Labrum)

A

Ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder)
- fibrocartilage lip. extends from edge of the socket
- Helps to deepen the joint and increase surface area of contact between the socket and the ball.

20
Q

Bursa and Tendon sheaths

A

Bursae: saclike structures filled with little fluid
- Between skin and bones, tendons and bones, muscles and bones or bones and ligaments
- Reduces friction
Tendon Sheath: Synovial sheath reduce join friction.
- tube-like bursa that wrap tendons
- wrists, ankel, fingers

21
Q

Synovial Joint Types

A
  1. plane joint–> non-axial movement (back/forth and side-side) Ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joint,
22
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave of another. Produced opening/closing movement or uni-axial movement (flex/extension). One bone remains still while other moves around axis. Ex: knee, elbow, ankle, interphalengeal joint

23
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with ring formed by another bone and by liagment. Produces uni-axial movement (rotation) Ex: atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint

24
Q

Condylar Joint

A

The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another. Permits bi-axial movement, 2 axis Ex: radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalengeal joint

25
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of other fits into the saddle shape. Permits bi-axial movement , flexion, extension Ex: carpalmetcarpal thumb joint and calcaneocubboial joint

26
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Ball like structure on one bone fits into socket of another. Multiaxial movement Ex: shoulder and hip joint

27
Q

Factors affect ROM in Synovial Joints

A
  1. Structure and shape of articulating bones: determines how close they fit
  2. Arrangement and tension of muscle: muscle tension puts restraint on by joint ligaments
  3. Hormones: effect joint flexibility
  4. Strength and tension of joint ligaments: lig. guide mov.
  5. Contact of soft parts: point where one pience comes in contact and restict ROM
  6. Disuse
28
Q

TMJ Joint

A
  • Joint between the temporal and mandible bone
  • (formed by condlyoid process of mandible and tubercle of temporal)
  • Only joint that moves in skull
  • Can do compound movements due to articulator disc made of fibrocartilage.
  • Hinge Joint combined with planar joint type
29
Q

Shoulder Joint

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Formed by the head of humorous with the glenoid cavity –> articu. sites
  • Allow to become most flexible joint in body–> largest ROM
  • Labrum secures the humorous head
  • Rotator cuff muscles stabilize this joint
30
Q

Elbow

A
  • Articualtion sites: head of the radius joins the capitulum and the torchelar notch of ulna joints trochela on humerous
  • Allows for flexion, extension (Hinge Joint)
  • Ligaments: ulnar collateral ligament joins medial epicondyle of humorous, annular ligament stablize by holding radius to ulna and allows for supination without separation.
31
Q

Hip Joint

A
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Head of femur articulates with the pelvis acetabulum
  • Dense Fibrous capulses hold femur are strongest liagment
  • acetabular labrum wraps around femor and deepends ball-socket.
  • Ligamentum Capitis Femoris attaches to the fovea capitisi: holds femur head into acetabulum prevent dislocation
32
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • Three joints
    1. Tibia Femoral Joint: Between medial condyle of femur and medial condyle of tibia.
    2. Tibiafemoral joint: between lateral condyle of femur and lateral condyle of tibia
    3. Pattelofermoral Joint: between femur and patella
    Ligaments of knee:
    Extra capsular ligaments:
    1. FCL (TCL) Fibular Collateral Ligament: fibia to femur , prevent lateral motion of knee
    2. TCL Tibial Collateral Ligament: femur to tibia , prevent medial knee rotation
    3. Patellar Ligament: quadriceps attach to patellar lig. and goes from top of quadricep to inserts onto the tibial tuberosity. Increases knee strength on the front portion
    Intracapsular Ligaments:
    1. ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament: prevent anterior sliding tibia ( knee hyperextension)
    2. PCL: Posterior cruciate ligament: protect posietior tibia sliding ( knee hypoextension)
33
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint inflammation
- Decrease ROM, increase heat, pain, swelling

34
Q

Osetoarthris and Rheumatoid

A

Osteoarthritis: occurs when smooth hyaline cartilage joint surface wears out. begins in isolation
Rheumatoid: autoimmune disease, attacks bodies synovial membranes that protects joints

35
Q

Osteoarthritis Signs

A
  1. Creptis Bone: bone grinding
  2. Osteophytes: bone spurs which decrease ROM
  3. Joint Mice: loose hyaline cartiage
36
Q

Rhematoid Arthritis

A
  1. Increase in fibrous: higher collagen leads to pannus formation
  2. Anklyosis: no bone remodelling , osteophorsis in future
37
Q

Gout

A

Inflammatory diease cause by high uric acid , cause swelling.

BIO Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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