Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO Anatomy and Physiology > Cells and Organelles Lectures 5/6 > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Lectures 5/6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

the building blocks of life, come from preexisting cells, smallest form, and maintain cellular homeostasis
Cells are microscopic and characteristics relate to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sex cells

A

haploid 23 chromosomal cells that are each unique and come from parents. (oocytes and spermatoza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

somatic cells

A

dipole 46 chromosome cells, each are idenifcal to mother cell and ensure cells are repaired and replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms have one or more cells
  • Cells come from the division of other cells
  • cells carry out functions of the basic units of life ( cells determine function) Principle of Com. Structure function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell components

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm ( cytosol, organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell/Plasma Membrane

A

Contains receptors to detect changes. A fluid mosaic model made of phospholipids bilayer and cholesterol.
1. barrier: separates the ECF from the ICF
2. Control: controls entry of ions, nutrients and releases waste
3. First part of the cell to contact changes (stimulus)
4. connection between plasma membrane and inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 Main Functions Membrane

A
  1. Physical Barrier: excloses the cell separates the cytoplasm from the ECF
  2. Selective Permeable: determines what enters and exists
  3. Communication to inside cell: plasma proteins interact with chemical receptors inside the cell
  4. Cell recognition: surface carbs can recognize other cells with glycocalyx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

Two main membrane types:
Phospholipids: form the membranes bilayer, hydrophilic head of the phosphate head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail.
Cholesterol : steroid that provides structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell Membrane Diagram

A

Contains a phospholipid bilayer arrangement with polar heads and non polar tails
Has peripheral and intergal proteins
Cholesterol provides structure to the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intergral and Peripheral Proteins (plasma proteins)

A

Intergral (channel carriers) go through the membrane
Peripheral (enzymes) on the surface and can leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functional Proteins

A

Anchoring proteins: attach to cell to cell in ECF or they bind membrane to other organelles in cytoskeleton.
Recognition protein: immune cells, identify other cells in body normal/abnormal ,glycoproteins
Enzymes: catalyze reactions ( integral and peripheral) in cytosol or ECF.
Receptor: sensitive to ligands extraceullar mol. which trigger a response in the cell. Such as insulin, when it binds it prepares cell for uptake.
Carrier: (passive and active transport) Bind solutes and transport through membrane. Integreal proteins.
Channel: Allow to pass through membrane always intergral proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A

Glycocalyx coats the outer surface of the membrane and does the following:
- protects/lubircate/ outer surface
-anchoring and locomotion
-specificty in bonding
-recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Active and Passive Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Active Transport

A

Transport that requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy required
- diffusion
-facilaited diffisuion
-osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Permability

A

Property of a plasma membrane that certain things can pass acorss the membrane.
Impermable: nothing passess
Freely: everything
Selective: certain things are allowed some are not , depends on solubility, size etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diffusion

A

where molecules move from areas of higher concentration to area of lower concentration. Kinetic energy of molecules impacting.
Dynamic equilibrium: where the rate of diffusion in equals the rate of diffusion out. Goes down its concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Factors Affect Rate of Diffusion

A
  1. Distance: how far it has to diffuse, more distance is slower
  2. Molecule size: size, larger the slower
  3. temperature: increase in temperature= increase in KE so diffsuion
  4. Gradient Size: larger concentration gradient from high to low.
  5. Electrochemical forces: opposite charges are attracted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

A

Simple Diffusion (lipid soluble) molecules diffuse through the membrane easily .
Facilitated Diffusion use carrier proteins to move in to the cell. Carrier and channel mediated are the two different types. Move down con. graident.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Intergral proteins bind specific ions/molecules across membrane.
Specificity ( specific to substances)
Saturation Limits ( availability limits rate of transport)
Regulation (cofactors affect carrier proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Channel Mediated

A

Integral proteins (ions) move down through facilitated diffusion. Size and charge.

23
Q

Co transport / counter transport

A

Cotransport – carrier transports two substances in the same direction across the cell membrane
Countertransport – One molecule moves into the cell while another moves out of the cell

24
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water down its concentration gradient. Membrane is permeable to water but not solutes.

25
Osmotic Pressure
force that moves water according to solute concentration. The greater the concentration graident the larger the osmotic pressure.
26
Hydrostatic Pressure
the pressure for water to not move. Osmotic must overcome hydrostatic in order for osmosis.
27
Aquacain
protein allows water to move across
28
Tonicity: Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
Tonicity is the solution the cell is in Hypertonic: higher concentration outside than inside the cell (crenation) water flows out of the cell shrinking it. Hypotonic: higher concentration inside than outside the cell (swells) water goes down its concentration. Isotonic: con of solute inside is equal to outside.
29
Sodium-potassium pump
Through active transport, pumps 3 Na out for every 2 K+ in. This intergral protein uses ATP to pump them from low to high ( against) concentration gradient. ATP is hydrolised and loses one phosphate releasing energy. Membrane potential is created from the [Na] positive being greater outside and the [k] negative greater inside. Electrochemical gradient created -70MV 1. There is a high con. of Na+ outside and K+ inside. Three Na+ bind to the pump causing the hydrolysis of ATP , this energy phosphyrolyates the pump 2. This phosphorylation causes the pump to have a low afinity for Na+, releasing them. 3. Pump then binds two K+ causing it to become dephopshoralated and will release a phosphate resuming it to its original concentration. 4. Pump binds ATP releases K+ inside Na+ is ready to bind again.
30
Active Transport
High energy bond provides the energy needed to move across the membrane. It is not dependent on concentration gradient. Dependent on the cell's push and pull across the membrane. Through the use of pumps, energy (ATP) is used to pump molecules against their concentration gradient.
31
Primary and secondary active transport ( co transport)
primary active transport involves the pump stores energy through creating a steep concentration for Na+ into cell secondary involves Na+ diffusing into the cell through a co-transport protein and this will drive glucose into cell. Uses the pot. energy created from con. gradient.
32
Endocytosis
process which ETC are packed into vesicles and brought in
33
Receptor mediated
Uses receptors on the protein enabling the cell to ingest the vesicle . They may be released or digested by lyososme in the cell. Receptor Mediated brings specific ligands into the cell in higher concentrations. Specific to particle size.
34
Phagocytosis
relies on the pod to engulf the object and lysosome then binds to vesicle. Helps get rid of larger things, cell eating.
35
Pinocytosis
non specific, no receptors, cell gulps drop of ECF, cell drinking
36
Exocytosis
A secretion that releases out into ECF. Vessicle discharges contents on cell membrane and the pod gets absorbed back.
37
Cytoplasm
Mainly : 1. Cytosol 2. Organelles Much of the ECF is Na+ while the cytoplasm or INF is K+. Higher con. of proteins inside the cell ( ribosome, organelles) - reserve carbs, lipids, amino acids in the cytosol ICF contains: - lipids ( triglycerides) -proteins - carbs - amino acids - high k+
38
Organelles
structures suspended within the cytosol. - membranous ( mitochondri, nuncelus, glolgi appratus, ER, lyosomes) - non membranous ( ribsomsoes, cilia, microvilli)
39
Cytoskeleton
provides the cell structure and flexibility and includes: - Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments -microtubules
40
Microfilaments
Small proteins that allow for movement in the body (muscle--> actin) and integral proteins in the cytoskeleton Provide additional strength and attach plasam membrane to cytoplasm as well as determine cytoplasnma constistency.
41
Intermediate Filaments
Stabilize organelle position ex (keratin), provide structure/shape as well as anchoring for proteins . Strengthen cell, stabilize cell position too
42
Microtubules
Called Tubulin, - recycled and change the cells shape - Anchoring organelle position and cell strength - Allows for vesicular transport mechanism (move vesicles) - form main parts of cytoplasm as well as cila and centrioles - extend from centromere ( spindle fibers)
43
Thick Filaments
- subunits of myosin - appears in muscle cells only - myosin/ actin work in contraction
44
Cell Extensions
supported by cytoskeleton ; - sperm (flagellum) - cila (move across, line the brocahe and clean out air breathed, shorter than flagellum . - Slender extension of membrane and line respiratory and reproductive tract - Microvilli ( greater surface area for increased absorption in the body line intestines)
45
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for: - synthesis: - transport: - storage - Detoxification Two types smooth and rough
46
Smooth ER
No ribosomes and needed for growth of plasma membrane: - Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol - Synthesis of steroid hormones - Synthesis/ storage of glycerides - Synthesis/storage of glycogen
47
Rough ER
Fixed ribosomes on surface and Newley made proteins are chemically modified and packaged. Here, protein gets its secondary and teiriatry structure. Put into transport vessicles sent to golgi apparatus.
48
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis and composed of small subunit and large subunits. 1. Fixed : found in rough ER and proteins that enter are prepared for secretion 2. Free: in cytoplasm and move proteins
49
Proteasome
non-membranous, organelle that contains digestive enzymes Cytoplasmic enzymes attach tags to proteins for recycling and transported via proteasome.
50
Golgi Apparatus
1. modifies/ packages secretions ( enymes, hormones) release through exocyotsis 2. renews the plasma membrane through vesicle fuses 3. Packages special enzymes with vesicles for cytosol
51
Types of vesicles
1. Secretary vesicles: contains secretions to be discharged out of cell 2. membrane renewal vesicles: when fused to membrane, will add new lipids and proteins 3. Lysosomes: vesicles which provide isolation for digestive enzymes 4. peroxisomes : absorbs, breakdown fatty acids and organic compounds ( catalaase) Genereate the breakdown of harmful H2O2
52
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell, stores breakdown of glucose into ATP Crisate- increase SA proteins arranged
53
Nucleus
The control center of the cell - largest organelle - directs protein synthesis and carries DNA 1. Nuceloplasma 2. Nuclear Matrix 3. Nucleoli ( RNA)
54
Cell junctions
- Tight junctions: hold tight, wrap around and reduce spaces (skin) - Desmosomes: velcro ( linking proteins : cadhereins) muscle cells for mechanical stress - Gap junctions : leave channels, proteins called comexons , intercalated disc communication

BIO Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions