Full Review (AI version)

Question 1

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 1

A sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue responsible for contraction.

Question 2

What are the types of muscle fibers?

Answer 2

There are three main types of muscle fibers: Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative), and Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic).

Question 3

What role do muscle proteins play in contraction?

Answer 3

Muscle proteins, such as actin and myosin, interact to enable muscle contraction.

Question 4

What is the recruitment order of muscle fibers?

Answer 4

Muscle fibers are recruited in the order of Type I, then Type IIa, and finally Type IIb as more force is needed.

Question 5

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, crucial for muscle contraction.

Question 6

What are the periods of contraction in muscles?

Answer 6

The periods of contraction include the latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.

Question 7

What are the types of ATP generation in muscle?

Answer 7

ATP can be generated through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and creatine phosphate breakdown.

Question 8

What are the layers of muscle fascia?

Answer 8

The layers of muscle fascia include the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

Question 9

What is rigor mortis?

Answer 9

Rigor mortis is the postmortem stiffening of muscles due to chemical changes in the muscle fibers.

Question 10

What are the products of anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Answer 10

Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, while aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.

Question 11

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?

Answer 11

Isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening with movement, while isometric contractions involve muscle tension without movement.

Question 12

What are the features of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 12

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, and interconnected, with intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.

Question 13

What is the sliding filament theory of contraction?

Answer 13

The sliding filament theory explains how muscle fibers contract by the sliding of actin over myosin filaments.

Question 14

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?

Answer 14

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, terminating the signal for muscle contraction.

Question 15

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

Answer 15

Smooth muscle functions include involuntary movements, regulating blood vessel diameter, and controlling organ contractions.

Question 16

What is the role of glycogen in muscles?

Answer 16

Glycogen serves as a stored form of glucose for energy during muscle contraction.

Question 17

What are the muscle fiber types and their functions?

Answer 17

Type I fibers are for endurance, Type IIa for moderate intensity, and Type IIb for high-intensity activities.

Question 18

What are agonist, antagonist, fixator, and synergist?

Answer 18

Agonist muscles cause movement, antagonists oppose movement, fixators stabilize joints, and synergists assist in movement.

Question 19

What are common muscle disorders?

Answer 19

Muscle disorders include muscular dystrophy, myopathy, and fibromyalgia, each with distinct causes and symptoms.

Question 20

What is hepatic portal circulation?

Answer 20

Hepatic portal circulation is the pathway of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Question 21

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Answer 21

Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, while chemical digestion involves enzymatic breakdown.

Question 22

What is the function of MALT?

Answer 22

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) plays a role in immune response in the digestive tract.

Question 23

What is the role of bile in the small intestine?

Answer 23

Bile aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats in the small intestine.

Question 24

What does the appendix do?

Answer 24

The appendix is thought to play a role in gut flora maintenance and immune function.

Question 25

What are the functions of low pH in the stomach?

Answer 25

Low pH in the stomach aids in digestion and protects against pathogens.

Question 26

What is the fat absorption process?

Answer 26

Fat absorption involves emulsification by bile, followed by digestion by lipases and absorption through intestinal cells.

Question 27

Why do we have zymogens?

Answer 27

Zymogens are inactive enzyme precursors that prevent premature digestion of proteins.

Question 28

What is the swallowing process?

Answer 28

The swallowing process involves voluntary and involuntary phases to move food from the mouth to the esophagus.

Question 29

What are the stomach cell types and their secretions?

Answer 29

Stomach cell types include parietal cells (HCl), chief cells (pepsinogen), and mucous cells (mucus).

Question 30

What are the functions of CCK and Secretin?

Answer 30

CCK stimulates bile release and enzyme secretion, while Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.

Question 31

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 31

The layers of the digestive tract include the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

Question 32

What creates the stomach mucous barrier?

Answer 32

The stomach mucous barrier is created by mucous cells that secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.

Question 33

What does saliva do?

Answer 33

Saliva moistens food, contains enzymes for digestion, and helps with taste.

Question 34

What does the bolus become?

Answer 34

The bolus becomes chyme after mixing with gastric juices in the stomach.

Question 35

What are cell secretions in the stomach?

Answer 35

Cell secretions in the stomach include hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.

Question 36

What enzymes do what?

Answer 36

Enzymes like amylase digest carbohydrates, pepsin digests proteins, and lipase digests fats.

Question 37

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

Answer 37

Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine.

Question 38

What stimulates gastric secretion?

Answer 38

Gastric secretion is stimulated by the presence of food, neural signals, and hormones like gastrin.

Question 39

What do bacteria in the large intestine do?

Answer 39

Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested carbohydrates and produce vitamins.

Question 40

What are taste buds (Lingual papillae)?

Answer 40

Taste buds are sensory organs on the tongue that detect taste stimuli.

Question 41

What is ankyloglossia?

Answer 41

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, is a condition where the tongue's movement is restricted.

Question 42

What does a meal high in fat do in the small intestine?

Answer 42

A meal high in fat stimulates bile release and slows gastric emptying.

Question 43

What does leptin do?

Answer 43

Leptin regulates energy balance and inhibits hunger.

Question 44

What is metabolism?

Answer 44

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body that maintain life.

Question 45

What are the products of the breakdown of proteins?

Answer 45

The breakdown of proteins produces amino acids.

Question 46

What is the pathway of cellular respiration?

Answer 46

The pathway of cellular respiration includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 47

What is the process of lipid metabolism?

Answer 47

Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown of fats for energy and the synthesis of lipids.

Question 48

What happens in the duodenum?

Answer 48

In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with bile and pancreatic juices for digestion.

Question 49

What are polyps, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, diverticulitis, and cirrhosis?

Answer 49

These are conditions affecting the digestive system, each with distinct causes and symptoms.

Question 50

What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Answer 50

Spermatogenesis produces sperm continuously, while oogenesis produces eggs in a cyclical manner.

Question 51

What reactions are involved in food catabolism?

Answer 51

Food catabolism involves hydrolysis and oxidation reactions to break down nutrients.

Question 52

How do we break down triglycerides?

Answer 52

Triglycerides are broken down by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 53

Which process produces the most ATP?

Answer 53

Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP compared to anaerobic processes.

Question 54

What is ketosis?

Answer 54

Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body uses fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates.

Question 55

Which macromolecule yields the most energy?

Answer 55

Fats yield the most energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 56

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

Answer 56

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor.

Question 57

What is the male reproductive duct system?

Answer 57

The male reproductive duct system includes the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra.

Question 58

What are tropic hormones in the reproductive system?

Answer 58

Tropic hormones regulate the function of other endocrine glands in the reproductive system.

Question 59

What are the stages of the uterine cycle?

Answer 59

The uterine cycle includes the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

Question 60

What causes menstruation?

Answer 60

Menstruation is caused by the shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur.

Question 61

What stimulates proliferation in the uterine cycle?

Answer 61

Estrogen stimulates proliferation in the uterine cycle.

Question 62

What hormone begins follicular development?

Answer 62

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins follicular development.

Question 63

What are the epithelial linings of the reproductive tracts?

Answer 63

Epithelial linings in reproductive tracts vary by region, including stratified squamous and simple columnar epithelium.