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BIO Anatomy and Physiology > Full Review (AI version) > Flashcards

Full Review (AI version) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue responsible for contraction.

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2
Q

What are the types of muscle fibers?

A

There are three main types of muscle fibers: Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative), and Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic).

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3
Q

What role do muscle proteins play in contraction?

A

Muscle proteins, such as actin and myosin, interact to enable muscle contraction.

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4
Q

What is the recruitment order of muscle fibers?

A

Muscle fibers are recruited in the order of Type I, then Type IIa, and finally Type IIb as more force is needed.

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5
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, crucial for muscle contraction.

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6
Q

What are the periods of contraction in muscles?

A

The periods of contraction include the latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.

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7
Q

What are the types of ATP generation in muscle?

A

ATP can be generated through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and creatine phosphate breakdown.

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8
Q

What are the layers of muscle fascia?

A

The layers of muscle fascia include the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

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9
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Rigor mortis is the postmortem stiffening of muscles due to chemical changes in the muscle fibers.

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10
Q

What are the products of anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, while aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.

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11
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?

A

Isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening with movement, while isometric contractions involve muscle tension without movement.

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12
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, and interconnected, with intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.

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13
Q

What is the sliding filament theory of contraction?

A

The sliding filament theory explains how muscle fibers contract by the sliding of actin over myosin filaments.

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14
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?

A

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, terminating the signal for muscle contraction.

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15
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle functions include involuntary movements, regulating blood vessel diameter, and controlling organ contractions.

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16
Q

What is the role of glycogen in muscles?

A

Glycogen serves as a stored form of glucose for energy during muscle contraction.

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17
Q

What are the muscle fiber types and their functions?

A

Type I fibers are for endurance, Type IIa for moderate intensity, and Type IIb for high-intensity activities.

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18
Q

What are agonist, antagonist, fixator, and synergist?

A

Agonist muscles cause movement, antagonists oppose movement, fixators stabilize joints, and synergists assist in movement.

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19
Q

What are common muscle disorders?

A

Muscle disorders include muscular dystrophy, myopathy, and fibromyalgia, each with distinct causes and symptoms.

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20
Q

What is hepatic portal circulation?

A

Hepatic portal circulation is the pathway of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

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21
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, while chemical digestion involves enzymatic breakdown.

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22
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) plays a role in immune response in the digestive tract.

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23
Q

What is the role of bile in the small intestine?

A

Bile aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats in the small intestine.

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24
Q

What does the appendix do?

A

The appendix is thought to play a role in gut flora maintenance and immune function.

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25
Q

What are the functions of low pH in the stomach?

A

Low pH in the stomach aids in digestion and protects against pathogens.

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26
Q

What is the fat absorption process?

A

Fat absorption involves emulsification by bile, followed by digestion by lipases and absorption through intestinal cells.

27
Q

Why do we have zymogens?

A

Zymogens are inactive enzyme precursors that prevent premature digestion of proteins.

28
Q

What is the swallowing process?

A

The swallowing process involves voluntary and involuntary phases to move food from the mouth to the esophagus.

29
Q

What are the stomach cell types and their secretions?

A

Stomach cell types include parietal cells (HCl), chief cells (pepsinogen), and mucous cells (mucus).

30
Q

What are the functions of CCK and Secretin?

A

CCK stimulates bile release and enzyme secretion, while Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.

31
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A

The layers of the digestive tract include the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

32
Q

What creates the stomach mucous barrier?

A

The stomach mucous barrier is created by mucous cells that secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.

33
Q

What does saliva do?

A

Saliva moistens food, contains enzymes for digestion, and helps with taste.

34
Q

What does the bolus become?

A

The bolus becomes chyme after mixing with gastric juices in the stomach.

35
Q

What are cell secretions in the stomach?

A

Cell secretions in the stomach include hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.

36
Q

What enzymes do what?

A

Enzymes like amylase digest carbohydrates, pepsin digests proteins, and lipase digests fats.

37
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine.

38
Q

What stimulates gastric secretion?

A

Gastric secretion is stimulated by the presence of food, neural signals, and hormones like gastrin.

39
Q

What do bacteria in the large intestine do?

A

Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested carbohydrates and produce vitamins.

40
Q

What are taste buds (Lingual papillae)?

A

Taste buds are sensory organs on the tongue that detect taste stimuli.

41
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, is a condition where the tongue’s movement is restricted.

42
Q

What does a meal high in fat do in the small intestine?

A

A meal high in fat stimulates bile release and slows gastric emptying.

43
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Leptin regulates energy balance and inhibits hunger.

44
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body that maintain life.

45
Q

What are the products of the breakdown of proteins?

A

The breakdown of proteins produces amino acids.

46
Q

What is the pathway of cellular respiration?

A

The pathway of cellular respiration includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

47
Q

What is the process of lipid metabolism?

A

Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown of fats for energy and the synthesis of lipids.

48
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with bile and pancreatic juices for digestion.

49
Q

What are polyps, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, diverticulitis, and cirrhosis?

A

These are conditions affecting the digestive system, each with distinct causes and symptoms.

50
Q

What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis produces sperm continuously, while oogenesis produces eggs in a cyclical manner.

51
Q

What reactions are involved in food catabolism?

A

Food catabolism involves hydrolysis and oxidation reactions to break down nutrients.

52
Q

How do we break down triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are broken down by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids.

53
Q

Which process produces the most ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP compared to anaerobic processes.

54
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body uses fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates.

55
Q

Which macromolecule yields the most energy?

A

Fats yield the most energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins.

56
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor.

57
Q

What is the male reproductive duct system?

A

The male reproductive duct system includes the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra.

58
Q

What are tropic hormones in the reproductive system?

A

Tropic hormones regulate the function of other endocrine glands in the reproductive system.

59
Q

What are the stages of the uterine cycle?

A

The uterine cycle includes the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

60
Q

What causes menstruation?

A

Menstruation is caused by the shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur.

61
Q

What stimulates proliferation in the uterine cycle?

A

Estrogen stimulates proliferation in the uterine cycle.

62
Q

What hormone begins follicular development?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins follicular development.

63
Q

What are the epithelial linings of the reproductive tracts?

A

Epithelial linings in reproductive tracts vary by region, including stratified squamous and simple columnar epithelium.

BIO Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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