Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body
Electrocardiogram
heart
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body
What is Physiology
Defined as the study of the body’s function
Principle of Complementary Structure and Function
States that the body will build something specific to do a certain function. What a structure looks like is defined by its function and vise versa.
Gross Anatomical branches
- Surface
-Regional (deep)
-Systemic
-Developmental (conception)
-Clinical
Studies the genereal form and focus on specific areas
Microscopic
Cytology (cells)
Histology (tissues)
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical structure provide clues to its function (function is described via parts)
Pathology
The study of disease and disorders ; helps to explain function
Sign / Symptom
Signs can be measured (swelling, bruising, etc)
Symptoms are described by person (pain)
Necrospy
autosopy on
Visection
perform on animals
External Examminations
Inspection
Palpitation
Percussion
Auscultation
Manipulation
Inspection
To look at , cut
Palpitation
To feel, (ankle swelling)
Percussion
To tap to detect hollow or fluid
Auscultation
To listen with stethoscope ( hear sounds, breathing)
Manipulation
Range of Motion
Internal Examinations
X-rays (photographic digital image) , MRI( useful when tissue is surronded by bone) , ultrasound (sound waves)
Endoscope
Thin small tube inserted into the body to look, remove tissue etc
Ophthalmoscope
Look into eye
Scope types
Gasropscopy
Bronchoscopy
Endotoscope
Vaginal Spectulum
Protoscopy
Anthroscope
Laparoscopy
Electroencephaology
Brain activty
Electrocardiogram
heart
Angiography
blood
Levels of Life
atoms–>molecules–>organelles–>cell–>tissue–>organ–>system–> body
chemical - cellular– tissue–organ systen-body
Studies:
Gastroenterology
Urology
Cradiopulmonary
Oncology
Hematology
Immunology
Neurology
Orthopedic
Orthodontist
Physiotherapist
Gynecologist
Endocriniolgy
radiologist
Gastroenterology ( stomach)
Urology (reproductive)
Cradiopulmonary (hear)
Oncology(cancer)
Hematology(blood)
Immunology
Neurology
Orthopedic (bones)
Orthodontist
Physiotherapist
Gynecologist (female)
Endocriniolgy (hormone)
radiologist (x ray)
Life Functions
Humans are cellular so cells must be kept alive to function. Organ systems are to keep them alive. All cells need organ systems to meet their needs. Gas exchange and waste, nutrient exchange.
EX) Digestive system breaks down food and nutrients are delivered through the blood. Lungs exchange o2 with co2 and the o2 gets transported through the heart all throughout.
Anatomical Position
Body erect facing forward, palms facing upward
Directional terms
Used to describe ones structure in relation to another. Based off of this anatomical position.
Superior (cranial)
Toward head or upper part of structure. Ex) head is superior to the neck)
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, below Ex) apply to axial parts the stomach is to the heart
Anterior ventral
towards or in front of Ex) the ethmoid bone is anterior to the sphenoid
Posterior (dorsal)
Behind of or towards the back
Medial
closer to the midline
Lateral
away from midline
Intermediate
middle
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment
Distal
further from attachment
superficial
shallow
deep
depe
Longitude
a line parallel to the axis. Planes such as sagital and frontal are longitude as they are a straight line
Tranverse
right angles to axis
Lpislateral
same side
Contralateral
oppoiste side
Axial
The head, neck, truck,
Appendicular
limbs
cephalic region
frontal
orbital
mental
buccal
nasla
oral
Cervical
neck
Thoracic
sternal
axillary
mammary
scapular
abdominal
umbilical
Posteior to Abdominal
lumbar, sacral
Pelvic
inguinal and pubic
Appendicular : Arms
Acromial
Brachial
Antecubital
Antebrancial
Carpa
Manus
metacarapls
Legs
coxal
femoral
patelar
popliteral I behind the patella
Crual
sural
pedal
Tarsa
metatarsal
Body Planes
Sagital Plane: divides right and left antieorally
Frontal Plane (coronal) : Posterior and Anteior makes a frontal section
Transverse Plane: Divides the body from upper and lower, produces a cross section horizontally
Body Sections
Named after the cut:
Midsagital (midline) (median)
parasagital (paralell to the midline cut)
Oblique (cuts other than 90 degrees)
Body Cavitues/Membranes
Cavities provide protection over organs and are areas to hold them.
- Dorsal Cavity (Posteior)
-Ventral (Anterior)
Dorsal
CNS ( the cranial and the spinal cord)
Ventral
Thorasic and the Abdominapelvic area
Thoracic Region
Contains the pleura area which house the lungs
Also has the Mediastinum which hold the pericardium and the superior portion holds the aorta, trachea, esophagus)
Abdominalpelvic
Upper regions hold the abdominal cavity , visera
Lower regions hold the urinary and reproductive
Nine Quadrants of the Body
Serous Membrane
covers the internal and external walls of cavities and the oragans
Visera
the internal organs covered in the cavity
Pareital
covers the walls of the cavities
Visera Pleura
covers the outer surface of the lungs
Parietal Pleura
Covers the inner walls of the thoracic cavity and the mediastinal wall
Viseral Pericadium
Covers the outer surface of the heart
Parietal Pericardium
Covers the inner pericardial cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
Contained within the adominalpelvic cavity lined with serous membranes called the peritoneum
Viseral Peritoneum
Covers the inner surface of the organs of adonminalpelvic
Pariteal Peritoneum
lines the body cavity of the abdominalpelvic
Other Cavities
oral, orbital, nasal, middle ear , synovial (not exposed)
Body movements:
Gliding Flexion, extension, lateral flexion ,hyperextension ,plantar flexion, abduction
Gliding is flat bone moving back and fourth
Flexion is decreasing sent angel
Extension is increasing angel
Lateral flexsion is moving truck side ways
Hyperextension is extend beyond anatomical position
Plantarflexion is flexion of ankle towardsdown
Doris flexion
Abduction
adduction
circumduction
rotation
medial rotation
lateral rotation
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation
- Flexion of the ankle upward
-move away from midline of body
-move toward
-move distal circular - a bone revolves around axis (not Fingers)
- anterior bone surface turned medial
- superior
- inferior
- body froward
- body back
- move sole medial
- move sole lateral
- palm turns anterior
- palm is posterior
