Connective Tissues 4.3

Question 1

Connective Tissues

Answer 1

They are the most abundant and wildly distributed tissue type. Tissues run the gamut for vascularity.
Some tissues are avascular (cartilage), some are poorly vascularized (dense connective tissue) and some have rich blood supplies (bones)

Question 2

Connective Tissue Classifications

Answer 2

-Rigid (bone)
- Flexible (adipose)
-fluid (blood)

Question 3

Connective Tissue Structure

Answer 3

Unlike epithelial tissues, living connective tissue cells are separated via a non-living extracellular matrix called ground substances and fibers. Due to the extracellular matrix, connective tissues can bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuses unlike others
Matrix makes up the bulk of connective tissue.

Tissues formed from mesenchymal stem cells that differentiates into all connective tissues.
Blast refers to builder cell and cyte is mature

Question 4

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 4

Holds all connective tissues together
Contains ground substance and fibers
Allows to withstand tension, abuse, bear weight, no other tissue is able to.

Question 5

Components to Connective

Answer 5

1. Specialized Cell: reside within extracellular matrix that contains protein fibers and a ground substance. The ground substance will indicate how the tissues behave and function
2. Extracellular protein fibers: Contained within extracellular matrix
3. Ground substance: indicates tissue function and how it acts.

Question 6

Cell Types

Answer 6

Immature Cell-> Mature Cel
- Connective tissue proper –> Fibroblast–> Fibrocyte
Blast are immature while cytes are mature
- Cartilage –> Chondroblast –> Chondtrocyte
- Bone–> Osetoblast –> Osteocyte
Blood –> hemoatopeitic stem cell –> blood cell

Question 7

Fiber Types

Answer 7

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

Question 8

Ground Substance

Answer 8

Unstructured material between cells that contain fibers.
The ground substance holds large amounts of fluid, serves as medium through which nutrients and other substances can diffuse between blood vessels and cells. Contains interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

Question 9

Connective Tissue Functions

Answer 9

1. Establish a structural framework for the body
2. Transport fluids and dissolved mateirals
3. Protect delicate structures
4. Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissues
5. Storing energy resources
6. Defending the body against foreign invaders.
   Spread throughout the body, never exposed to the outside environment and they run the gamut of vascularity

Question 10

Connective Tissues Types

Answer 10

1. Connective Tissue Proper: included those connective tissues with many type of cells & extracellular fibers in a ground matrix.
   - Loose and dense connective tissues
2. Fluid Connective Tissues (blood and lympth) distinct populations of cells in a watery matrix with dissolved proteins
3. Supporting Connective Tissues: Less diverse population and have dense fibers packed.

Question 11

Loose Connective Tissues ( Areolar Tissues)

Answer 11

Structure: gel like matrix, with the cells and fiber types of any connective tissue proper organized very loosely.
Location: found between the skin and muscles and between muscles and in organs, surrounds capillaries.
Function: Wraps and cushions organs
Macrophages phagocytize bacteria and holds, conveys tissue fluid.

Question 12

Loose Connective Areolar Tissues Components

Answer 12

• Fibroblasts build fiber
• Macrophages devour bacteria , viruses and cancer cells
• Mast cells for inflammation ( histamine, herapin, prostaglandin)

Question 13

Loose Connective Tissues : Adipose Tissues

Answer 13

Structure: Adipocytes ( fat filled cell) are ring shaped with triglycerides.
Location:found around organs, joints as visceral fat, surrounds eye, within abdomen. Nucleus pushed aside
Function: shock absorption, energy storage, protection, insulation thermal breaks –> white fat
Nervous system stimulates adipocytes breakdown which releases heat as a by product in infants.
In adults, adipocytes cannot divide. Loos connective tissues have mesenchymal cells that can differentiate.

Question 14

Loose Connective Tissues: Reticular Tissues

Answer 14

Structure: a network of reticular fibers with macrophages spread makin ga 3D stroma
Location: Lymph nodes ( macrophages devour bacteria , viruses, cancer cells)
Liver ( kupffer cells devor bacteria)
Spleen ( devour red blood cells)

Question 15

Dense Connective Tissues: Dense Regular

Answer 15

Structure: High strength one way, parallel collagen fibers, dark fibroblasts spread out
Location: tendons, scar tissues–> apanrocies, ligaments
Function: high strength one direction

Question 16

Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Irregular

Answer 16

Structure: form irregular networks
Location: Form capulses around the liver, kidneys, spleen, joints
Function: provides strength and support and subject to stress any direction.

Question 17

Dense Connective: Elastic Tissues

Answer 17

Structure: dominated by elastic fibers
Location: vertebrae spinal, aorta, arteries,
Function: stablize the positions of vertebrae etc.

Question 18

Fluid Connective Tissues : Blood

Answer 18

Structure: Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) –> transport O2/CO2
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) –> immunity
Thermboyctes (platelets) –> blood clots
Matrix of the blood is plasma where nutrients and waste exchanged.

Question 19

Fluid Connective Tissues: Lymph

Answer 19

Forms as interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels
Immune cells monitor the lymph and respond to injury and infection. Alerts immune system
Lymph returns to the bloodstream through veins near heart.
Helps to eliminate defects in nutrients, waste and toxins and maintain blood vol.

Question 20

Cartilage

Answer 20

The matrix of cartilage is composed of gelatinous substance that contains chondrotion sulfates. Perichondrium surrounds the matrix
Cartilage is avascular
Outer fibrous layer is a dense regular connective while the inner cellular layer is important for growth and maintenance and is a chondrogenic layer containing chondroblaysts.

Chondroblasts ( produce new matrix, immature)
Chondrocytes ( mature cartilage cells)

Question 21

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 21

Structure: The chondrocytes cells lie within the lacunae ( space around cell) bordered by a perichondrium on either side. Most abudnant with collagen fibers.
Location: Forms majority of embryonic skeleton
Ends of long bones , costal cartilage, nose, trachea, layrnnx
Function: provide a smooth surface for joints to move over and resist compression provide flexible support.

Question 22

Elastic cartilage

Answer 22

Structure: Similar to hyaline however there is elastic fibers in the matrix.
Location: Ears, auditory tube, epiglottis, cuneiform
Function: maintain the shape of structure however is still flexible.

Question 23

Fibrocartilage

Answer 23

Structure: Thick collagen fibers that predominate the matrix. Chondrocytes are spred among fibers. A Mix of both hyaline cartilage and thick collagen fibers.
Location: Interveterbal dics, pubis symphysis
Oxytocin and relaxin travel via the blood and act on these fibers.
Function: resist compression and tension. Ability to withstand pressure and heavy weight.

Question 24

Bones (Osseous Tissues)

Answer 24

Structure: Bones are highly vascular
- Haversian Canals (central) contain an artery vein, and nerve.
- Osteocytes: mature bone cels that reside in the lacuane of the matrix.
Consists of a hard calcified matrix
Canaliculi Branch away from the Haversian canal to take nutrients to the osteocytes.
Location: in compact bone the Haversian System is only found
Spongey bone has osteoblasts and osteocytes but NO Haversian Systems
Function: provide stability and allow for movement and attachment of muscles

Question 25

Bone Matrix

Answer 25

The matrix of the bone is hypoxyapitite , when calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide Hydroxyapatite in bone is going to be hard and protective, whereas the plasma in blood is going to be fluid.