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Nutrition and Diet Therapy > Water and Minerals > Flashcards

Water and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form

A

Minerals

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2
Q

Major Minerals

A
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
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3
Q

Involved in fluid balance via antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone secretion

A

Sodium

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4
Q

Nerve transmission and neurological function

A

Sodium

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5
Q

critical for brain health

A

Sodium

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6
Q

it helps control BP and blood volume

A

Sodium

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7
Q

Maintain acid base balance in conjunction with chloride

A

Sodium

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8
Q

Sodium maintain acid base balance in conjunction with _______________

A

chloride

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9
Q

MAJOR CATION OF ECF

A

Sodium

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10
Q

Major cation in the ICF is

A

Potassium

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11
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of Sodium

A
  • Processed or prepared foods
  • Preservative or flavoring agent in food products
  • Hidden sources (Medications)
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12
Q

RDA of Sodium for adults

A

500 mg/day

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13
Q

Symptoms of Sodium Deficiency

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and mental status changes (confusion and disorientation)

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14
Q

Excess Sodium

A
  • Hypernatremia
  • Contributes to the development of edema and hypertension and lead to neurological signs
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15
Q

Fluid balance

A

Chloride

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16
Q

major anion of the ECF

A

Chloride

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17
Q

Acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with potassium

A

Chloride

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18
Q

main role of Chloride is acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with ____________

A

potassium

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19
Q

Maintain gastric acidity (HCL)

A

Chloride

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20
Q

Chloride works with?

A

Potassium, Sodium and Carbon Dioxide

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21
Q

Chloride RDA

A

750 mg/day

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22
Q

Chloride is often linked with ___________ in foods

A

sodium

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23
Q

Chloride Deficiency

A
  • Infants with condition of failure to thrive
  • Losses occur through GI tract and result in dehydration and
    acid base imbalance
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24
Q

Excess Sodium

A
  • Vomiting
  • Not usually seen unless there is an underlying disease state
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25
Q

Important in nerve transmission and muscle contraction

A

Potassium

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26
Q

Maintain acid base balance by transcellular shifting in response to acid base changes in the body

A

Potassium

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Potassium

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28
Q

MAJOR CATION OF THE ICF

A

Potassium

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29
Q

Dietary Sources of Potassium

A
  • Cooked dried beans, potatoes, banana, orange
  • Fresh fruits, less in processed foods
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30
Q

Large amounts of licorice in the diet can lead to

A

hypokalemia and sodium water retention

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31
Q

RDA of Potassium for adults

A

2000 mg/day

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32
Q

Potassium is seen coexisting with deficiencies of other electrolytes like

A

magnesium and calcium

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33
Q

Certain medications can lead to retained levels of potassium in the body such as

A

ace inhibitors, steroids, and potassium sparing diuretics

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34
Q

Potassium deficiency is seen usually from the use of certain medications that promote _____________________

A

K+ excretion

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35
Q

help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. can decrease edema and blood pressure

A

Diuretics

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36
Q

Constituent part of bones and teeth

A

Calcium

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37
Q

Nerve conduction (neurotransmitter) and muscle contraction (actin/myosin)

A

Calcium

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38
Q

Coagulation pathway

A

Calcium

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39
Q

Active and inactive forms exist in the body (ionized and nonionized)

A

Calcium

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40
Q

Calcium has an inverse relationship with?

A

Phosphorus

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41
Q

increases serum CA+

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

42
Q

decreases serum CA+

A

Calcitonin

43
Q

DIETARY SOURCES of Calcium

A

Sardines, milk, dairy

44
Q

Adequate Intake of Calcium for adults (19-50 years old)

A

1000 mg/day

45
Q

Adequate Intake of Calcium for adults 51 years old and over

A

1500 mg/day

46
Q

decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains)

A

Phytates

47
Q

decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate)

A

Oxalates

48
Q

decreases Ca+ absorption

A

High fiber

49
Q

Clinical signs of Calcium deficiency:

A

Chvostek (facial nerve grimace) and Trousseau (carpopedal spasm)

50
Q

facial nerve grimace

A

Chvostek

51
Q

carpopedal spasm

A

Trousseau

52
Q

Associated deficiencies of Calcium seen with

A

potassium and magnesium

53
Q

Calcium Deficieny

A
  • Development of tetany
  • Osteoporosis
  • Bone demineralization, relaxed nerve and muscle coordination
54
Q

alkalotic condition due to increased amounts of milk or antacid

A

Milk-alkali syndrome

55
Q

Excess Calcium

A
  • Metastatic process or kidney stone formation
  • Constipation
  • Milk-alkali syndrome
  • Hypercalcemic crisis
56
Q

Structural component of bones, teeth and phospholipids throughout the body

A

Phosphorus

57
Q

Synthesis of dna and rna, coenzyme in many chemical reactions

A

Phosphorus

58
Q

Buffer system as a phosphate

A

Phosphorus

59
Q

Phosphorus has an inverse relationship with __________ in the body

A

calcium

60
Q

Dietary Sources of Phosphorus

A
  • Dairy and meat products
  • Processed foods
61
Q

Phosphorus RDA for adults

A

700 mg/day

62
Q

RDA Phosphorus upper levels is listed as _________________ for adults 19-70 years of age

A

4,000 mg/day

63
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency

A
  • Bone loss and muscle weakness
64
Q

________ levels of calcium accompany ____ levels of phosphorus

A

High; low

65
Q

Excess levels of Phosphorus are associated with ________________________ = __________

A

low serum calcium levels; tetany

66
Q

Clients with compromised renal status = _________________________________

A

elevated phosphorus levels

67
Q

Bones in the body

A

Magnesium

68
Q

Nature’s calcium channel blocker – decreases blood pressure and smooth muscle contraction

A

Magnesium

69
Q

Coenzyme in energy metabolism and a neurotransmitter

A

Magnesium

70
Q

Regulates blood pressure and blood clotting by balancing these effects

A

Magnesium

71
Q

Dietary Sources of Magnesium

A
  • Sunflower seeds, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables
  • Chocolate cocoa, nuts, and seafood
72
Q

Magnesium RDA for adult males

A

400-420 mg/day

73
Q

Magnesium RDA for adult females

A

310-320 mg/day

74
Q

Magnesium Deficiency

A
  • Malabsorption problems and suffer chronic alcohol abuse
  • Increased magnesium excretion (chronic use of laxatives)
  • Manifestations: muscle weakness, mental status changes, tetany like symptoms, mental status changes
75
Q

Excess Magnesium

A
  • renal failure, dehydration states, diarrhea, alkalotic imbalances
76
Q

maintains protein structure because of the disulfide linkages between parallel peptide chains

A

Sulfur

77
Q

Activates enzymes

A

Sulfur

78
Q

Participates in detoxification reactions by which toxic materials conjugate with active sulfate and convert them to non-toxic forms which are excreted in the urine

A

Sulfur

79
Q

Protein contains about ___ sulfur so that a diet adequate in protein will contain enough sulfur

A

1%

80
Q

Trace Minerals

A
  • Iron
  • Iodine
81
Q

Component of RBCs in hemoglobin formation and as a component of muscles in the form of myoglobin

A

Iron

82
Q

Stored and transported in the body through a series of blood carrying proteins

A

Iron

83
Q

is the iron-holding part of the hemoglobin molecule and is usually found in animal sources

A

Heme

84
Q

Non-heme sources of iron are usually found in

A

plant sources

85
Q

promotes iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

86
Q

Dietary Sources of Iron

A

Meat, poultry, fish

87
Q

RDA of Iron for adult male

A

8 mg/day

88
Q

RDA of Iron for adult female

A

18 mg/day 19-50 yo, and 8 mg/day for 51 and over

89
Q

Iron Deficiency

A
  • NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA – IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA – fatigue, weakness, headache, pallor
  • Pica
  • Females due to menstrual flow, pregnant females
    due to dilutional anemia in pregnancy
90
Q

Excess Iron

A
  • Iron overload symptoms include tissue damage, infections, liver damage
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Pediatric clients – at risk
91
Q

Important component of thyroid hormone (t3, t4 and TSH)

A

Iodine

92
Q

Growth and development, reproduction and balance of metabolic rate and temperature

A

Iodine

93
Q

Dietary Sources of Iodine

A
  • Saltwater fish and shellfish
  • Iodized salt (fortified)
  • Broccoli, brussel sprouts and cabbage
94
Q

thyroid antagonist, interfered with the body’s absorption of iodine

A

Broccoli, brussel sprouts and cabbage

95
Q

Iodine Deficiency

A
  • Goiter formation
  • Hypothyroid clinical states exist due to insufficient hormones, this can lead to cretinism (congenital condition due to maternal deficiency) and myxedema (deficiency seen in children and adults due to decreased thyroid activity)
  • Manifestations: slowing down of metabolism, weight gain,
    temperature intolerance (cold), hypotension, bradycardia
    and constipation
96
Q

congenital condition due to maternal deficiency

A

cretinism

97
Q

deficiency seen in children and adults due to decreased thyroid activity

A

myxedema

98
Q

Iodine RDA

A

150ug

99
Q

Excess Iodine

A
  • Accidental exposures to excess iodine levels during pregnancy can lead to teratogenic effects
  • Manifestations: opposite of deficiency
100
Q

Iron overload symptoms include

A

tissue damage, infections, liver damage

Nutrition and Diet Therapy (16 decks)

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