DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM

Question 1

refers to the mechanical and chemical processes that convert nutrients into a physically absorbable state

Answer 1

digestion

Question 2

Process through which foods are broken down into smaller units to prepare nutrients for absorption

Answer 2

digestion

Question 3

2 Types of Digestion

Answer 3

• Chemical Digestion
• Mechanical Digestion

Question 4

Chemical altering effects of digestive secretions, gastric juices and enzymes on food substance consumption

Answer 4

Chemical Digestion

Question 5

The crushing, twisting effects of teeth and peristalsis that divide foods into smaller pieces

Answer 5

Mechanical Digestion

Question 6

Swallowing of food

Answer 6

Deglutition

Question 7

Deglutition begins in the _____________ and continues in the _____________ and _______________

Answer 7

mouth; pharynx; esophagus

Question 8

__________________ and _________________ move food down the _________________

Answer 8

Peristaltic waves; mucous secretions; esophagus

Question 9

Relaxation of the _____________________________________________________________ allows food to enter the stomach; contraction of this sphincter muscle prevents _______________________________ of stomach contents.

Answer 9

lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophageal constrictor muscle); regurgitation (reflux)

Question 10

Digestion begins in the ____________ (for CHO) and ________________, and is completed in the ___________________. This is accomplished by specific substances entering the duodenum: _________________________ through the _______________ duct, ___________ through the ______________________, and _____________________ produced in the __________________.

Answer 10

mouth; stomach; small intestines; pancreatic enzymes; pancreatic; bile; common bile duct; intestinal enzymes; jejunum

Question 11

Stomach is ________________ in nature and the _________________ are alkaline in nature

Answer 11

acidic; intestines

Question 12

pH of saliva

Answer 12

7

Question 13

pH of gastric juice

Answer 13

2

Question 14

pH of pancreatic juice

Answer 14

8

Question 15

Process whereby nutrients are absorbed into blood or lymph circulation

Answer 15

Absorption

Question 16

Process by which the end products of digestion—monosaccharides (simple sugars), amino acids, glycerol, fatty acid chains, vitamins, minerals, and water—pass through the epithelial membranes in the small and large intestines into the blood or lymph systems.

Answer 16

Absorption

Question 17

Most absorption occurs in the __________________ through the processes of ____________________________________________.

Answer 17

small intestines; osmosis, diffusion, and active transport

Question 18

The main functions of the large intestines are to ___________________________________________________

Answer 18

absorb water and collect food residue (dietary fiber).

Question 19

the part of food that body enzymes cannot digest and absorb

Answer 19

DIETARY FIBER

Question 20

absorbs water in the large intestine, promoting the formation of a soft, bulky stool

Answer 20

DIETARY FIBER

Question 21

Aggregate of all chemical reactions and processes in every body cell, such as growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other bodily functions as they relate to the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion

Answer 21

Metabolism

Question 22

converts all monosaccharides to glucose and excess amino acids to urea, carbohydrates, or fats.

Answer 22

Liver

Question 23

The liver converts all monosaccharides to _______________ and excess amino acids to __________________________________________

Answer 23

glucose; urea, carbohydrates, or fats.

Question 24

Excess fats are converted in the liver to _______________ and fatty acids, then to ________________________________

Answer 24

glycerol; acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)

Question 25

breakdown of glucose by enzymes located inside the cell’s cytoplasm.

Answer 25

Glycolysis

Question 26

This process produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and pyruvate, which provide the cell with energy

Answer 26

Glycolysis

Question 27

Glycolysis produces __________________________ and _____________, which provide the cell with energy

Answer 27

adenosine triphosphate (ATP); pyruvate

Question 28

lactate is produced in the cytoplasm by an enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase);

Answer 28

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 29

this type of metabolism takes place when the oxygen supply is limited, as in the muscles and red blood cells, which lack mitochondria.

Answer 29

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 30

pyruvate enters the cell’s mitochondria and in the presence of oxygen is converted to acetylCoA.

Answer 30

Aerobic metabolism

Question 31

Digestive and metabolic waste products are excreted through the ________________ and _______________.

Answer 31

intestines; rectum

Question 32

The skin and sweat glands remove ________________________________________________; the lungs remove _____________________________.

Answer 32

water, toxins, salts, and nitrogen wastes; carbon dioxide and water

Question 33

Anabolism

Answer 33

- Glycogenesis - Gluconeogenesis

Question 34

when the body produces energy (in the form of ATP) using oxygen.

Answer 34

Aerobic Metabolism

Question 35

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins —into carbon dioxide

Answer 35

Krebs cycle

Question 36

Krebs Cycle is a a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to __________________ through the oxidization of _________—derived from _________________________________ —into ____________________

Answer 36

generate energy; acetate; carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; carbon dioxide

Question 37

Catabolism

Answer 37

- Glycolysis -Glycogenolysis