FATS Flashcards
Fat refers to the chemical group called
lipids
Fats are organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Fats/Lipids are divided into three classifications:
fats/triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Fat constitutes _______ of the energy in the human body
34%
Food Functions of Fats
- Source of Energy
- Palatability
- Satiety and Satiation
- Food Processing
- Nutrient Source
is the densest form of stored energy
fats
Physiologic Functions of Fats
- Stored Energy
- Organ Protection
- Temperature Regulator
the storage depot of body fat, provides important fuel during illness or times of food restriction
Adipose tissue
- are specialized transporting compounds
- Transports fats in the circulatory system
lipoprotein
Transports absorbed fats after meals to the liver cells
Chylomicrons
Transports triglycerides from liver to tissue
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
normal serum range
51-197 mg/dl
Plasma proteins with triglyceride components that carry cholesterol to cells
Low Density Lipoprotein
Plasma proteins with triglyceride components that carry cholesterol to cells
Low Density Lipoprotein
“Bad cholesterol”
60-180 mg/dl
Plasma proteins that carry fat in the bloodstream to tissue or to the liver to be excreted or disposed
High Density Lipoprotein
“Good Cholesterol”
35-70 mg/dl
are the key refined fuel forms of fat that the cell burns for energy. They are the basic structural units of fat and may be saturated or unsaturated in nature.
Fatty Acids
- Contains no double bonds (has a single bond carbon chain – hydrogen atoms are attached to all bonding sites)
- Usually animal in origin
Saturated Fatty Acid
Contains double bonds
Usually plant in origin
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
has only one unsaturated double bond
Monounsaturated fatty acid
More than one carbon to carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Essential Fatty Acid (EFA); first double bond is at the sixth carbon atom from the omega end (Omega 6 fatty acid)
Linoleic acid
essential fatty acids
Linoleic and linolenic fatty acids
EFA; first double bond located at 3rd carbon atom from omega end
Linolenic acid
Only have 2 fatty acids + 1phosphate group
Phospholipids
Lipid compounds that form part of the cell walls and act as a fat emulsifier
Phospholipids
main phospholipid, naturally found in egg yolks, soybeans, used as an additive to food products to stabilize consistency
Lethicin
Fatlike class of lipids that serve vital functions in the body
Sterols
produced by the liver and found in dietary sources
Cholesterol
Component of bile salts that aid in digestion
Sterols
Increased levels of sterols =
Coronary Artery Disease
are created when cis-fatty acids are heated, pressurized, and combined with a catalyst (usually nickel) in a process called hydrogenation
Trans fatty acids
Trans fatty acids are created when cis-fatty acids are heated, pressurized, and combined with a catalyst (usually nickel) in a process called
hydrogenation
is used by manufacturers to make vegetable oils solid at room temperature and less likely to turn rancid.
hydrogenation
Hydrogenated or trans-fatty acids are common in
commercially baked goods (crackers, cakes, and cookies), salty snack foods, some margarines, and fried foods (donuts and french fries).
When oil is used for frying and if the oil is reused (like in fast food French fry machines) cis-Fatty acids are converted to
trans-fatty acids
associated with increased incidence of cardiac disease by increasing LDL and decreasing HDL
Trans fatty acid
Digestion and Metabolism of Fats
- Mouth - Mechanical
- Tongue produces lingual lipase during infancy for fat in milk - Stomach - Peristalsis
- Gastric lipase hydrolyze some fatty acids from triglycerides - Small Intestine - Fats entering the duodenum initiate release of cholesystokinin hormone.
This sparks gallbladder to release bile into small intestines. Bile emulsifies fats
for digestion
Making Changes in Fat Consumption
- Eliminating Trans-Fats
- Read food labels before consuming - Fighting fats with fats
- Opt for the real thing - Cleanse, Rejuvenate, Supplement
- Start with a clean slate
- Detoxify the liver
