Proteins (PPT) Flashcards
Organic compounds formed from chains of amino acids
Proteins
Proteins are essential for almost every bodily function, beginning with the _______________________________________________________________________
genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Amino Acids
Amino Acids are organic compounds made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
the distinguishable factor of protein from other nutrients
nitrogen
Non-essential amino acids
glycine
alanine
serine
asparagine
cysteine
aspartic acid
glutamic acid
glutamine
tyrosine
proline
Essential amino acids
threonine
leucine
arginine
histidine
methionine
isoleucine
phenylalanine
valine
lysine
tryptophan
PROTEIN ACCORDING TO FOOD SOURCE
Complete protein
Incomplete protein
Contains sufficient amounts of all essential amino acids.
Complete protein
are examples of foods that contain complete proteins
Beef, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk
High-biological-valueproteins
Complete protein
lack one or more of the essential amino acids
Incomplete protein
Incomplete protein lack one or more of the essential amino acids usually _________________________________________
lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.
By properly mixing complementary proteins in the diet, such as ___________________________, one can produce a complete protein.
corn and beans
Determined by the number, assortment, and sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
Primary
sequence of a chain of amino acids
Primary
Affects the shape of the chain of amino acids
Secondary
May be straight, folded or coiled
Secondary
hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to folding into a repeating pattern
Secondary
The polypeptide chain is so coiled that loops of the coil touch, forming a strong bond within the chain
Tertiary
three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
Tertiary
Proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain
Quaternary
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Quaternary
If the structure of a protein changes, the protein may not be able to perform its original function.
The shape may be changed by _______________________________________________________________
heat, UV light, acids, alcohol, and mechanical action.
If the structure of a protein changes, the protein may not be able to perform its original function.
Denaturation
Mechanical digestion of proteins occur in the
mouth
breaks proteincontaining food into smaller pieces
Mastication
secreted by stomach mucosa. Becomes activated when it mixes with HCl =
Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen is secreted by stomach mucosa. Becomes activated when it mixes with HCl =
Pepsin
breaks the bonds linking the amino acids of the protein peptide bond
Protein hydrolysis
Primary pancreatic enzyme
Trypsin
Other pancreatic enzymes:
Chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
Intestinal enzymes
Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
Most protein functions are a result of ______________________ in cells.
protein anabolism
_______________ plays an important role in regulation of protein metabolism
Hormone
During digestion, proteins are broken down into ___________________
amino acids
Unlike carbohydrates and triglycerides, which are stored, proteins are _______ warehoused for future use.
not
Excess dietary amino acids are not excreted in the urine or feces but instead are converted into___________________________ or _______________________.
glucose (gluconeogenesis); triglycerides (lipogenesis)
Is the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce new proteins.
Protein Anabolism
Is carried out on the ribosomes of almost every cell in the body, directed by the cells’ DNA and RNA
Protein Anabolism
The hepatocytes begin the process of catabolism through
DEAMINATION
Amino acid =
Ammonia + keto acid
Ammonia + keto acid =
Amino acid
The __________ then convert the highly toxic ammonia to _________, a relatively harmless substance that is excreted in the urine.
liver cells; urea
breaks down big complex molecules into smaller, easier to absorb molecules.
Catabolism
The process of catabolism ____________ energy.
releases
Hormones involved in the processes (catabolism) are
adrenaline, cytokine, glucagon, and cortisol
builds molecules required for the body’s functionality.
Anabolism
Anabolic processes ___________ energy.
require
Hormones involved in the process (anabolism) are
estrogen, testosterone, growth hormones and insulin.
potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
catabolism
kinetic energy is converted into potential energy
anabolism
It is required to perform different activities in living entities.
catabolism
It is required for maintenance, growth, and storage.
anabolism
Imbalance of nutrient intake
Malnutrition
Malnutrition caused by lack of protein or energy or both
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
results from severe calorie deficiency, leads to wasting and significant fat and muscle loss
Marasmus
a severe protein deficiency, causes fluid retention and a protruding abdomen
Kwashiorkor
Functions of Proteins
Growth and Maintenance
Creation of Communicators and Catalysts
Immune System Response
Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation
Acid Base Balance
