Infancy and Childhood Flashcards
age of newborns
0-2 months
Up to 2 months of age requires ___________ calories per kilogram of body weight every 24 hours to provide an adequate amount of food for maintenance and growth.
110-120
Necessary for the formation of new cells.
Protein
Protein contains __________ which is necessary for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and making blood cells. .
histidine
It helps protect nerve cells.
histidine
It is used by the body to make histamine.
histidine
Histadine supplements may help treat
eczema
is necessary for growth and skin integrity. It is found in both human and commercial formulas.
Linoleic acid
Lactose found in human milk improves _______________ and aids in _______________.
calcium absorption; nitrogen retention
present in breast milk is used by the beneficial bacteria present in the infants’ digestive system. It plays an important role in pediatric nutrition and development.
NITROGEN
allows protein to be used for building new cells. It encourages normal water balance and prevent abnormal metabolism of fat
Lactose
A newborn needs ___________________ water intake every 24 hours.
150 to 200 mL/kg
Plays a vital role in bone growth.
Calcium
Prevents the occurrence of tetany.
Calcium
is a calcium deficiency results to hypersensitivity, twitching, or a convulsion.
Tetany
Tetany is a calcium deficiency results to hypersensitivity, twitching, or a convulsion. Diagnosis is made when the serum calcium is below ____. per 100 cc.
8 mg
It is necessary to make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells to all parts of the body.
Iron
Term infant with mothers who had good iron intake during pregnancy will be born with iron stores that can last for ______________
3 months.
Essential for building teeth and preventing tooth decay
Fluoride
Fluoride of ___________ supplement to be taken daily beginning __months of age.
0.25mg; 6
Changes in composition to meet the specific needs of infants as they grow.
Breastmilk
is the first milk produced after birth.
Colostrum
True or False
Breastmilk changes color when the mother is sick.
True
True or False
Breastmilk does not change its components when baby is sick
False
True or False
Breastmilk does not change during the day and night.
False
The milk you express at the beginning of a session has a thinner consistency, relatively high volume, and low fat. This is known as
foremilk
By the end of a breastfeeding session, the high-fat milk is thicker, richer, and creamier, called the ____________.
hindmilk
is a good source of essential fatty acids for infant.
Hindmilk
BREASTFEEDING
Best for babies
Readily available
Environmentally friendly
Antibodies
Safe
Temperature perfect
Financial saving
Easily digestible
Earlier passage of meconium
Deaths reduced
Immunity
Nutrient-rich
Growth
age of infants
2 months – 1 year
Breastmilk is the best food for infants up to ____________ months and is exclusive for ___________
12 to 24; 6 months.
The entire first year of life is one of extreme rapid growth, so a __________________ intake is needed.
high protein, high calorie
For infants, calorie allowances can be reduced during the year from a level of 120/kg of body weight at birth to approximately ________/kg of body weight at the end of the first year to prevent overweight.
100
Only recommended when breastfeeding is contraindicated
Bottle Feeding
Bottle Feeding is associated with i
nfantile obesity or protein calorie malnutrition
Combination of breast and bottle feeding
Mixed Feeding
when bottle is given to complete a single breastfeeding because of insufficiency of mother’s milk
Complemented Mixed Feeding
when bottle is used to replace one or more breastfeeding sessions.
Supplemental Mixed Feeding
Baby weighing 2.5 to 2.7 kg usually feeds every
3 hours
Baby weighing 3.6 to 4 kg usually feeds every
4 hours
Extrusion reflex is present at ________________.
4 to 6 months
It is when your baby pushes solid food out of their mouth using their tongue.
Extrusion reflex
what month can iron-fortified infant cereal mixed with breastmilk, orange juice or formula be introduced to the infant?
5-6 months
Vegetables
7 months
are good sources of vitamin A and adds new texture and flavors.
Vegetables
Fruits
8 months
are best sources of vitamin C and A. It also adds new texture and flavor to the diet.
Fruits
are good source of protein, iron and B vitamins.
Meat
Meat
9 months
are good source of iron
Egg yolk
Egg yolk
10 months
By 1 year, an infant’s stomach can hold no more approximately __________ (240mL). When they begin eating, infants take more than __ tablespoons at a time.
1 cup ; 2
- ____________ are introduced first
- _______________ are offered second
- _______ are offered a month after vegetables
Cereals; Vegetables; Fruit
The sucking reflex begins to diminish between ages _______ months
6 to 9
Common Disorders of Infants
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Allergy
Constipation
Indications of Good Nutrition
Weight Gain
Length Increases
Normal behavioral Development
Normal bowel movement
Regular sleeping habits
Average tooth formation
Developing motor coordination
Firm and well-formed muscles
Toddler age
1-3 years old
A _____________ appetite becomes smaller than the infants.
toddler’s
Allowing ____________ is a major way to strengthen independence in a toddler.
self feeding
Nutritious finger foods that toddlers enjoy include
pieces of chicken, slices of banana, pieces of cheese, and crackers.
Children ages 1 to 3 years old should consume ______ kcal daily
1300
Adequate _________________ intake is important for bone mineralization
calcium and phosphorus
Milk should be whole milk until age __ years
2
Preschool Age
3-5 years old
_____________, or learning how to do things, can be strengthened by allowing a child to prepare simple foods such as making a sandwich or spreading a jelly on a toast
Initiative
PRESCHOOL
Feeding Problems
The child is eating too little
The child is eating too much
The child is dawdling during meal time.
The child is gagging especially when fed coarse foods.
The child has aversion towards food.
The child has allergies.
PRESCHOOL
Indications of Good Nutrition
Normal weight according to standard for age and sex
Erect clinical posture
Straight arms and legs
Abdomen: In
Chest : Out
With no malformations of the skeleton
Teeth are straight without crowding in well – shaped jaw
Skin: smooth, slightly moist with a healthy glow
Clear, bright with no signs of fatigue eyes
Shiny hair
Firm muscles
Light pink color gums
Moist lips
Without lesions tongue
Schooler age
5 years to 17 years old
FEEDING PROBLEMS
school age
Child receives inadequate meals
Child has poor appetite
The child has a sweet tooth.
