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Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Define Stomata.

A

Stomata are the openings on the underside of a plants leaves.

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the biological breaking down of chemicals like sugar or malic acid for the purpose of releasing energy to fuel growth. Oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide and energy are released.

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2
Q

What are three examples of divided canopies?

A

The Geneva Double Curtain, Lyre and the Scott Henry System are examples of divided canopies

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3
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

Taking a cutting or offshoot from a vine and encouraging the growth of new roots.

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4
Q

What is a canopy?

A

The arms, leaves, and grape bunches of a vine.

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5
Q

What does the term “third leaf” refer to?

A

The third year after planting or grafting a vine, where the grapes are normally considered suitable for harvesting.

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6
Q

How long after bud break does flowering occur?

A

40-80 days.

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7
Q

About how long after fruit set does Veraison occur?

A

About one and a half months.

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8
Q

How long after Veraison begins is a grape ready for harvest?

A

1.5-2 months.

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9
Q

What is the normal length of time from bud break to harvest?

A

140-160 days. Can be as short as 110, or as long as 200.

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10
Q

At what temperatures does photosynthesis slow?

A

Under 50°F and over 95°F

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11
Q

What effect does temperature have on respiration?

A

For every 18°F increase in temperature, the rate of respiration doubles.

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12
Q

What effect does drought have on transpiration?

A

If not enough water is available through the roots to meet needs, the stomata will close. Since the stomata also control the intake of carbon dioxide, photosynthetic activity will stop as well.

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13
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process where water evaporates through stomata (openings on the bottom of the leaves), cooling the vine. The rate is highest when hot/sunny, lowest when cool/wet.

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14
Q

How much precipitation do vines need annually?

A

20-30 inches of water.

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15
Q

Which type of soil has very fine particles that fit together tightly?

A

Clay

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16
Q

What is cane pruning?

A

All but one or two canes are removed. The remaining canes are attached to a horizontal trellis and trimmed so each cane has 6-10 nodes.

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17
Q

What is spur training?

A

Vines are trained to develop one or more permanent cordons, each supporting several canes. These canes are cut back, leaving behind several spurs. Each spur contains several nodes.

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18
Q

What is millerandage?

A

An abnormality resulting in many small, seedless berries in the grape bunches, sometimes caused by bad weather during flowering.

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19
Q

What is Coulure?

A

A condition in which many flowers do not develop into grapes, often caused by windy, rainy weather during flowering until before fruit set

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20
Q

What is the scientific name of powdery mildew?

A

Oidium

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21
Q

What is the scientific name for downy mildew?

A

Peronospora.

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22
Q

What is a Guyot?

A

A system where one or two canes or codons from each vine are trained along a wire.

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23
Q

What is Kimmeridgian marl?

A

A limestone-rich soil formed by fossilized marine deposits from an ancient sea. It has excellent water retention, heat retention, and heat reflection.

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24
What is Gneiss?
A coarse grained form of granite and feldspar. Found in Austria's Kamptal and Wachau regions, Muscadet, Roussillon, and Côte Rôtie in France, and Okanagan Valley in Canada.
25
What is Loess?
Fine, silty/clay soil made from wind-borne sediment.
26
What is Sandstone?
A sedimentary rock, made up of small (sand sized) particles of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments.
27
What is Basalt?
Dark-colored igneous rocks made from cooled lava, high in calcium, magnesium, and iron.
28
What is slate?
Metamorphic rocks formed when shale, clay, or silt is subjected to intense pressure. Retains heat well, warms up quickly.
29
What is Greywacke?
Sedimentary stones formed by rivers depositing quartz, mudstone, and feldspar. It is found in South Africa's Western Cape, the Russian River valley, Mosel, Ahr, Mittelrhein, New Zealand .
30
What is a calcareous soil?
A soil with high levels of calcium and magnesium.
31
What are some examples of Calcareous Soil?
Limestone, chalk and marl.
32
What is alluvial soil?
Soil that has ben moved down a slope by the force of a river or stream. It includes gravel, sand and silt.
33
What is flint?
Tough stone containing silica that reflects sun and retains heat well.
34
What is granite?
A hard, igneous rock that warms quickly and retains heat well. Granite is in many vineyards, including the Northern Rhône, South Africa's Western Cape, Dão, Beaujolais, coastal Chile, and the Sierra Foothills
35
Describe Limestone
A sedimentary-based soil consisting of calcium carbonates, many formed from skeletal remains of marine organisms. Alkaline, ideal in cool climates with acidic grapes. Found in Burgundy, Champagne, and the Loire Valley
36
What is aspersion in a vineyard?
It is the French term for sprinkling, refers to the use of sprinklers to prevent frost.
37
What is AXR1?
A rootstock widely used in northern California until the late 1980s when it was found to not be resistant to Phylloxera.
38
What is Babo?
The alternative name of KMW, the Austrian unit of must weight.
39
What are some wine regions known for Basalt soil?
Washington and Oregon in the US, Victoria and Hunter valley in Australia, Galilee in Israel, parts of Hungary
40
What is Bench Grafting?
The grafting of vines in nurseries as opposed to in the field.
41
What is bloom?
The whitish covering of waxes and cutin that protects the grape against water loss and helps prevent penetration by spores.
42
What is the Bordeaux Mixture?
A mixture of lime, copper sulfate, and water that is sprayed on grapes to prevent downy mildew. It is permitted by organic and biodynamic viticulture.
43
What is Cépage?
The French term for vine variety.
44
What is chlorosis?
A vine disorder where the foliage turns yellow due to lack of chlorophyll. Often a symptom of nutrient deficiency.
45
What is chip budding?
A method of budding where during the first growing season of the rootstock a piece is cut from its original wood and a matching chip piece with a bud is cut from the scion cutting and inserted in the stock. Used in field grafting.
46
What is crop thinning?
The removal of some bunches from the vine in order to improve wine quality through reduction of yield and earlier ripening of fruit. Usually carried out at start of Veraison. Also referred to as Green Harvest.
47
What is Vendage Verte?
The French term for crop thinning/green harvest.
48
What is a Cultivar
A grape variety that has been selected or otherwise genetically manipulated by humans.
49
What is a degree day?
A unit devised to measure the temperature component of climate.
50
What is downy mildew?
A disease originating in North America that spread worldwide. It attacks all green parts of a vine, can reduce photosynthesis, disrupting ripening and growth.
51
What are the symptoms of downy mildew?
White cottony growth on the underside of leaves. The earlies sign is an oil spot of upper leaf surface. Later signs are leaves dropping off and delayed growth.
52
How is downy mildew treated?
The Bordeaux mixture or other sprays based on copper.
53
What is a galet?
A French term for pebble, cobble or even boulder that is well rounded due to abrasion through fast moving water. Most known for vineyards in Chateau-Neuf-du-Pape.
54
How is a gobelet vine normally trained and pruned?
Head training and spur pruning.
55
What is grubbing up?
Outside of Europe also called "ripping out", refers to when the vine age is so high and yield so low no longer economically viable, or when invaded by pests, or to change variety (although usually would use field grafting.
56
What is Inflorescence?
The structure of the vine that bears the flowers.
57
What is layering?
The method of propagation where a cane of a vine is planted in the ground but the end is bent up to form a new vine. Useful for filling empty spaces unless disease resistant rootstocks are needed. It may be left connected or eventually separated.
58
What is Lenz Moser?
A vine training system developed by Lenz Moser in the 1920s that uses wider rows and higher trunk to reduce vine density, not used much anymore. Also one of the biggest wine produces in Austria.
59
Where is Loess soil common?
Washington State, Tokaj, parts of Austria, Germany, and China.
60
What is marl?
A calcareous rock with significant clay content. Found in Chablis and the Côte D'Or
61
What is Mycorrhiza?
The symbiotic relationship between vine roots and mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. Allows the vine to access nutrients more effectively, increase resistance to disease, and improve soil structure.
62
What are nematodes?
Roundworms that feed on vine roots. They harm vines, and some spread viruses.
63
What is a node on a vine?
The part of a plant where a leaf is attached. In grapevines, it becomes swollen and bears the winter bud. Shoots, tendrils or influences are also borne at nodes on the side opposite to the bud.
64
What is Powdery Mildew?
Also called Oidium, it is a fungal disease that proliferates under both wet and dry conditions. It is native to North America. It is usually treated with sulfur.
65
What are the symptoms of powdery mildew?
It begins with a fine, translucent cobweb-like growth that spreads on the surface of all green parts of the vine. After 1-2 weeks, grey-white ash-like spores are produced on short, upright stalks that looks powdery.
66
What is Partial Rootzone Drying?
A technique to control vigor by drying half of the root system to promote water stress. Usually done be drip irrigation alternating between sides of the row of vines.
67
What is Passerillage?
Known as Passerillé in French, it is the drying of grapes on a vine.
68
What are pectins?
Carbohydrate polymers the "gum" plant cells together. Pectin content increases in grapes steadily throughout ripening. It is an important contributor to colloids.
69
What is Petiole?
The stalk of a plants leaf that supports the leaf blade. They are longer on more vigorous vines.
70
What are pips?
Grape seeds
71
What is Pierce's Disease?
A bacterial disease spread by sharpshooters. Very deadly to vines and other crops including olives, almonds and citrus. Cold winters appear to limit the disease.
72
What is quartz?
A very common rock-forming mineral. Seen as glassy colorless grains in granite and sandstone, producing low fertility. Also known as silicon dioxide.
73
What is quartzite?
A metamorphic rock that was originally a quartz-rich sandstone.
74
Where is quartzite found in vineyards?
Rheinhessen, Nahe, Calatayud, Barossa, Clare Valley. As rock fragments in the Galets of Châteauneuf-du-Pape.
75
What is a refractometer?
An instrument used in winemaking to follow the ripeness of grapes by measuring must weight.
76
What is a rooting?
A one year old vine grown in a nursery, common material used for planting a vineyard.
77
What is a scion?
The piece of the fruiting vine that is grafted on to the rootstock.
78
What is schist?
A metamorphic rock often containing mica and amphibole, with a coarser grain size than slate. Often with vertical planes ideal for penetration of vine roots.
79
In what grape regions is schist found?
Douro, parts of the Languedoc (Banyuls, Faugeres, St. Chinia, Borbieres) and Central Otago.
80
What is the Scott Henry?
A training system where the canopy is divided vertically and trained in two curtains, one up and one down, to control vigor and improve grape quality. Developed in Oregon in the 1980s. Often used in the New World, including New Zealand.
81
What is a seedling?
A young plant that develops when a seed germinates. Not relevant in commercial viticulture as vines are propagated from cuttings. Important for vine breeding.
82
What is shale?
A very fine-grained sedimentary rock, usually dark in color.
83
What is silt?
A description of particles of intermediate size between clay and sand. Often dominate Loess and Alluvial soils.
84
What is a spur?
A shortened grape-vine cane.
85
What is T-budding?
A method used for grafting a vine onto a rootstock. A cut is made in the bark of the rootstock, lifting back flaps to insert shield-shaped piece from the scion with a bud on it.
86
What does Teinturier mean?
It is a grape with red flesh. Some examples are Alicante Bouschet, some Gamays, Rubired, Saperavi.
87
What are Terpenes?
Flavor compounds associated with floral and citrus aromas in wines like Muscat, Gewürztraminer, and Riesling.
88
What is Terra Rossa?
A red soil, usually with some limestone in a Mediterranean climate. In Coonawarra, La Mancha in Spain, parts of Lebanon and Croatia.
89
What is Tufa?
A rock formed by the localized precipitation of calcium carbonate, typically associated with springs, caves, riverbeds, and lake edges.
90
What is Tuff?
Fine-grained volcanic rock created during a volcanic eruption. Young tuffs are relatively soft and easily weathered. Found in Sicily, and Tokaj and Eger in Hungary.
91
What is Tuffeau?
A rock common in the central Loire. Tuffeau Blanc is calcareaous and drains well. Used for many châteaux of the Loire. Tuffeau Jaune is more sandy is seen in Chinon and Saumur-Champigny, particularly suitable for Cabernet Franc.
92
Who was Helmut Becker?
A German viticulturist who worked with vine breeding and the breeding of rootstocks, in order to increase vines resistance to diseases such as downy and powdery mildew and Phylloxera.
93
Who was Jules Guyot?
French scientist who promulgated the Guyot vine training system, the most common system used in Bordeaux.
94
Who was T.V. Munson?
A Texan credited with putting Phylloxera-resistant roots on French vines and saving Europe's vineyards.
95
Who was Albert Winkler?
A California scientist associated with Climate Classification. Also edited and published General Viticulture, long considered the most comprehensive book on viticulture in the English language.

CWE (58 decks)

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