Miscellaneous Flashcards
What does Millésime mean?
Millésime means vintage in French
What if the sugar quantity of a sparkling wine labeled Extra dry or extra sec?
The sugar quantity of a sparkling wine labeled extra dry or extra sec is 12-17 g/L sugar.
What is the sugar quantity of a sparkling wine labeled sec?
The sugar quantity of a sparkling wine labeled sec is 17-32 g/L sugar.
What is Mercaptan?
Mercaptan is a wine fault resulting from the combination of sulfur and ethanol. It has a smell of garlic or onions. It is a serious defect difficult to remedy.
How many standard bottles of Champagne does a Rehoboam bottle hold?
Rehoboam holds 6 standard bottles.
How many standard bottles of Champagne does a Methuselah bottle hold?
Methuselah holds 8 standard bottles.
Which size Champagne bottle was discontinued in 1989?
The Rehoboam bottle was discontinued in 1989.
What is the recommended temperature for serving full-bodied and aged red wines?
59°-64° F
What is the recommended serving temperature for medium bodied red wine?
55° F
What is the recommended serving temperature for tawny port or sweet sherry?
54°-61° F
What is the recommended temperature for serving light bodied red wines?
50°-55° F
What is the temperature recommendation for full bodied dry white wines?
50°-55° F
What is the temperature for serving light white and rose wines?
45°-50° F
What is the recommended temperature for serving Sparkling wines?
43°-50° F
What is the temperature for serving dry Sherry?
43°-47° F
What is the recommended temperature for serving sweet white wines?
43°-47° F
How many ounces are in a standard ISO glass?
6.5 oz. (192 ml)
What is the average recognition threshold for sugar?
Around 1%
What is the recommended serving temperature for Vintage Port?
64°-68° F
What is the technical name for the chemical that causes cork taint?
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA)
What is the typical detection threshold for TCA?
2-7 parts per trillion.
What are the main wine faults that result from sulfur?
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)
Mercaptan
What fault can be described as acrid, like burnt matches?
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
What effect does acidity have on Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) odors?
The more acidic the wine, the more pronounced the odors will be.
What does a wine with a Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) fault smell like?
Rotten eggs.
What causes a wine to develop a Hydrogen sulfide fault?
Too long in the complete absence of oxygen. It usually occurs when wine rests for a long time with a large amount of yeast sediment in the bottom. Also a potential issue with screw caps.
What off-odors come from actions of bacteria?
Acetic Acid
Butyric Acid
Lactic Acid
Ethyl Acetate
Geranium Fault
What causes an odor of vinegar in a wine?
Acetic Acid
What does ascensence mean?
A fault in wine with discernible volatile acidity (smell of acetic acid) accompanied by a high level of ethyl acetate.
What does volatile acidity mean?
It may be used to describe a wine with a decided aroma of white vinegar caused by acetic acid if above the detection threshold of .7 g/l.
What is an acetobacter?
A type of bacteria that can spoil wine when combining with oxygen and producing acetic acid.
What is Ethyl Acetate?
A common ester formed be the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid. It has an odor of nail polish remove.
What is buteric acid?
An off-odor the smells like rancid butter or spoiled cheese.
What causes Geranium Fault?
The metabolism of sorbic acid (from potassium sorbate, a preservative) via lactic acid bacteria.
What is Brett?
A yeast that can infect wine, causing a sweaty, horsy odor, or maybe deaden the wine. Also considered band-aid like, or medicinal.
What does it mean if a wine has a green off-odor?
Usually the result of using underripe grapes.
How does a wine develop moldy off-odors?
using moldy grapes or moldy barrels.
What causes a rubbery off-odor in wine?
Sometimes associated with very low-acid wines, or excess sulfur.
What does a stagnant off-odor smell like?
Stale water
What is a stemmy off-odor?
The bitter, green odor of grape stems.
What causes a wet carboard off-odor?
Cork taint or misuse of filter pads or filtering materials.
Why would a wine have a yeasty or leesy off-odor?
If a wine remains in contact with the lees too long (although this is acceptable for sparkling wines and others where it is intentionally done)
What is the Reduction (or Reductive) off-odor?
A smell like rotten eggs, garlic, struck matches, cabbage, or burnt rubber. Caused by conditions that lack oxygen.
What is the sugar content of a sparkling wine labled Brut?
Dry - Less the 12 g/L sugar.
How many standard bottles are in a Nebuchadnezzar size bottle of sparkling wine?
20
When did the phylloxera crisis begin?
The 1860s.
What were the years of prohibition in the US?
1920-1933
What percentage of the total wine produced worldwide was produced in Europe in 2022?
65%
What percentage of the total wine produced worldwide in 2022 was produced in South America?
10%
What percentage of the total wine produced worldwide in 2022 was produced in North America?
10%
In 2022, what percentage of the total worldwide wine production was produced in Asia?
6%
What percentage of the total wine produced worldwide was produced in Oceana in 2022?
5%
In 2022, what percentage of the total worldwide wine production was produced in Africa?
4%
What were the top 10 wine producing countries (in descending order) in 2021?
Italy
Spain
France
US
Australia
Chile
Argentina
South Africa
Germany
Portugal
For a country in the EU to continue using its pre-existing designation of origin (eg AOC in France), when must the designation have been registered with the EU?
Prior to December 31, 2011
What are the three levels of wine under EU regulations?
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
Wine
To qualify as a PGI, what percentage of the grapes must come from the geographic area?
85%
If a PGI wine has a varietal name and/or vintage date, what percentage of the wine must be from said vintage or variety?
85%
If the wine contains the name of a vineyard, what percentage of the grapes must come from the named vineyard?
100%
For a PDO wine, what percentage of the wine must be from the region?
100%
What does the label term “Quality Sparkling Wine” mean in the EU?
The wine was produced wholly by a secondary fermentation in the bottle subject to disgorgement, with a minimum 9 months on the lees.
What does the term Sparkling wine” mean in the EU?
It must contain a minimum of 3 atm of pressure, the carbonation may come from a first or second fermentation but cannot be injected.
As of 2024, what must appear on wine bottles in the EU?
Allergen information
Nutritional Values (May use QR code)
Ingredients
How must additives be listed as ingredients on EU wine lables?
According to the functional category, such as acidity regulators, preservatives/antioxidants, enrichments (such as concentrated grape must), or stabilizing agents.
What are considered processing aids and not required to be listed as ingredients on EU wine lables?
Yeasts
Alternative gases (used in bottling)
What effect does sweetness in food have on wine?
It can diminish the perception of sweetness, body and fruitiness in a wine.
What effect does acidity in food have on wine?
It decreases the perception of acidity in the wine. It can also inrease the perception of sweetness and fruitiness in a wine.
How does bitterness in food affect the taste of wine?
Bitter food enhances the bitterness of a wine.
What is a successful pairing with fatty foods?
A wine that has a high level of acidity - especially white wines that can “cut through the richness”
What is the effect of salty food on wine?
Salt can make a wine seem richer in body and fruitiness, and tone down bitterness and astringency.
What does En Rama mean?
Literally raw, a Sherry (fino or Manzanilla) only very lightly filtered
What is a Caudalie?
French term for a unit of measurement equal to a second’s length of a wine’s impact on the palate after swallowing or spitting.
What is Geosmin?
A compound associated with wine faults that has a strong earthy/muddy aroma. Found in wines made from rotten grapes, and some with cork taint.
Who was Jean-Antoine Chaptal?
A French chemist in the late 1700s early 1800s who was supportive of adding sugar to grape must (now known as chaptalization).
Where did China rank in terms of vineyard surface area in 2021?
Third, after Spain and France.
Where did China rank in wine consumption in 2021?`
Seventh.
What is the Marie-Jeanne?
A three bottle wine size in Bordeaux.
What are some examples of Pinot Noir Clones?
Numbers (eg 115, 447)
Pommard, Dijon, Wädenswil
In what year was the first printed reference to a “steel worm” to extract corks (a corkscrew)?
1681.
What were the “steel worms” that would eventually be used as corkscrews previous used for?
Extracting bullets and wadding from guns when they failed to fire.
When was the “waiter’s friend” corkscrew invented?
1882.
