Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nurs 252 > Vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

water sol vitamin ex

A

B-complex group and vit C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

water sol vitamins

A

dissolve in water
easily excreted in the urine
cant be stored in the body over long periods
daily intake required to prevent deficiencies
act as coenzymes or oxidation reduction agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fat sol vitamins

A

in plant and animal foods
stored in the liver
slow metabolism
excreted via feces
toxic in excess
daily intake not required unless deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fat sol vitamins ex

A

A D E K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

vitamin A

A

aka retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate
fat soluble
food surces: liver, fish, dairy, egg yolks, dark leafy greens, yellow-orange veg
comes from carotenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vitamin A functions

A

growth and development of bone and teeth
night and normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vit a indications

A

-dietary supplement for infants, pregnant, nursing women
- deficiency (hyperkeratosis, night blindness)
- skin conditions (acne, psoriasis, keratosis follicularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

isotretinoin and vit a

A

result in additive effects and possible toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vit a toxicity

A
  • irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, diarrhea
  • increased intracranial pressure in infants
  • peeling of skin and erythema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vit d

A

-fat sol vitamin
-responsible for utilization of calcium and phosphorus
- vit d2 (ergocalciferol), plant vit d, through dietary
- vit d3 (cholecalciferol) produced by skin by UV irradiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vit D2 containing foods

A
  • fish liver oils, saltwater fish
  • fortified foods: milk, bread, cereals
  • animal livers: tuna, eggs, butter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vit D functions

A
  • works with parathyroid hormone to regulate absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
    -for normal calcification of bone and teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vit D indications

A
  • treatment of conditions related to long term deficiency (rickets, tetany, osteomalacia)
  • prevention of osteoporosis
  • treats osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypophosphatemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vit D toxicity

A
  • hypertension, dysrhythmias, weakness, fatigue, headache, drowsiness
  • anorexia, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, constipation
  • decreased bone growth, bone pain, muscle pain
    -polyuria, albuminuria, increased blood urea nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vit D toxicity can lead to _____ and ___ if untreated

A

impaired renal function and osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vitamin E

A

fat soluble
- alpha, beta, gamma, delta tocopherol
- dietary sources: fruits, grains, fortified cereal, veg oil, wheat germ, nuts
- animal sources: eggs, chicken, meat, fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vit E functions

A
  • unknown
  • antioxidant?
  • no benefit from vit E supplementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vit E indications

A

dietary supplement
antioxidant
treatment of deficiency ( in premature infants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vit E adverse effects

A

GI and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vit K 3 types

A

fat soluble
-phytonadione (K1), menaquinone (K2), menadione (K3)
- K2 synthesized by intestinal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dietary source of vit K1

A
  • green leafy veggies, cheese, soybean oils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vit K functions

A

blood coagulation factors in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vit K indications

A
  • treats deficiency states (antibiotic therapy and newborn malabsorption)
  • prophylactically to newborns
  • reverse effects of warfarin
  • pts become unresponsive to warfarin 1 week after vit K admin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vit B1 (thiamine)

A

water sol
food sources: enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast
deficiencies: beriberi, wernicke’s encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Beriberi

A
  • brain lesions
    -polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves
  • serous effusions
  • cardiac anatomical changes
  • cerebral berberi: wernickes encephalopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vit b1 (thiamine) functions

A

-increase metabolism/pathways(kerbs)
- maintains PNS, cardio system, GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

vit B1 (thiamine) indications

A

-treats beriberi, peripheral neuritis, neuritis of pregnancy
- metabolic disorders
- malabsorption
- management of poor appetite, UC, chronic diarrhea, cerebellar syndrome or ataxia
- oral insect repellant?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vit B2 (riboflavin)

A
  • water sol
  • food sources: leafy greens, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole grains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

vit B2 causes of deficiency

A
  • alcoholism
  • intestinal malabsorption
  • long standing infections
  • liver disease
    -malignancy
  • probenecid therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

vit B2 functions

A
  • converted into 2 coenzymes essential for tissue respiration
  • required to activate vit B6
  • tryptophan -> niacin
  • maintains erythrocyte integrity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

vit b2 deficiency

A

-cutaneous, oral and corneal changes
- cheilosis (chapped or fissured lips)
- seborrheic dermatitis
- keratitis

32
Q

vit B2 indications

A

-supplement
-microcytic anemia
- acne
- migraine

33
Q

vit B2 adverse effects

A

large doses: discoloured orange urine

34
Q

vit B3 niacin

A

water sol
-food sources: beans, turkey, tuna, liver, yeast, peanuts, enriched whole grain bread and cereal, wheat germ
- synthesized from tryptophan

35
Q

vit B3 functions

A

converted to nicotinamide
nicotinamide is converted to 2 conenzymes
enzymes req for gylcogenolysis and tissue respiration and carb, lipid, protein and pruine metabolisim

36
Q

vit B3 indications

A

prevention and treatment of pellagra
management of dyslipidemia
beneficial effects in peripheral vascular disease

37
Q

vit B3 deficiency

A

pellagra
- mental: psychotic sympt
- neurological: neurasthenic synd
- cutaneous: crusting, erythema, desquamation of skin, scaly dermatitis
- inflammation of mucous mem
- gi: bloody diarrhea

38
Q

vit B3 adverse effects

A

flushing pruritus and GI distress

39
Q

vit B6 (pyridoxine)

A

water sol
- sources: whole grains, wheat germ, yeast, fortified cereals
- fish, organ meats, poultry, meat, eggs
- peanuts, nuts, veg, bananas

40
Q

vitamin B6 functions

A
  • for metabolic functions (protein, lipid, carb utilization, conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous mem, hematopoietic system
41
Q

vit B6 deficiency

A
  • sideroblastic anemia
  • neurological disturbances
    -seborrheic dermatitis
  • cheilosis
  • xanthurenic aciduria
42
Q

causes of vit B6 deficiency

A
  • inadequate intake
  • poor absorption
  • uremia, alcoholism, cirrosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, HF
  • drug induced: isoniazid for TB, hydralazine for hypertension
43
Q

vit B6 indications

A
  • vit B6 deficiency
  • seizures that are unresponsive to normal therapy
  • morning sickness from preg
  • pts with various metabolic disorders
44
Q

vit B6 toxicity

A

with large doses
neurotoxicity

45
Q

vit B12 (cyanocobalamin)

A

water sol
- synthesized from microorganisms present in the body
- food sources: liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals

46
Q

vit B12 function

A
  • fat and carb metabolism
  • protein synth
  • growth and cell replication
  • hematopoiesis
  • nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
47
Q

vit B12 deficiency

A
  • most common: pernicious anemia - deficiency leads to: neurologic damage and megaloblastic anemia
  • caused by: malabsorption, poor dietary intake of animal organ foods
48
Q

vit B12 oral absorption

A
  • requires presence of intrinsic factor
  • intrinsic factor: glycoprotein secreted from gastric parietal cells
49
Q

Vit C (ascorbic acid)

A

water sol
- from citrus, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broc, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green pepper, liver
- can be synthesized

50
Q

vit C functions

A
  • oxidation reduction reactions
  • req for several metabolic activities - collagen synthesis
  • maintenance of connective tissue
  • tissue repair
  • maintenance of bone, teeth, capillaries
  • folic acid metabolism
  • erythropoiesis
    -enhanced absorption of iron
  • cellular resp
  • resistance to infect
51
Q

vit C deficiency

A

-prolonged: scurvy
- weakness, gingivitis, loss of teeth, anemia, subcut hemorrhage, anemia, subcut hemorrhage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissue and bones, hardening of leg muscles

52
Q

vit C indications

A
  • prevention of scurvey
  • urinary acidifier
  • no value of prophylactic for common cold
53
Q

vit C megadoses

A

nausea, vomiting, headache, adb cramps
- acidified urine, stone formation
- discontinuing megadoses: scurvy like sympt

54
Q

The most abundant mineral in the body

A

Calcium

55
Q

What is required for efficient absorption of calcium

A

Vitamin D

56
Q

Calcium requirements high for:

A

Growing children
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding

57
Q

Food sources of Calcium

A

Especially milk and dairy products
Fortified cereals
Calcium-fortified orange juice
Sardines, salmon

58
Q

What is calcium used for

A

Transmission of nerve impulses
Contraction of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
Renal function, respiration, and blood coagulation
Maintains cell membrane and capillary permeability

59
Q

What does hypocalcemia look like

A

Infantile rickets (weakening of bones)
Adult osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

60
Q

Causes of calcium deficiency

A

Inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism
Malabsorption syndrome

61
Q

What does hypercalcemia cause

A

Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
If severe
Heart irregularities
Delirium
Coma

62
Q

How does chelation affect calcium

A

Chelation bind to calcium and cause a insoluble complex

63
Q

Hypercalcemia + Digoxin=

A

serious cardiac dysrhythmias

64
Q

What is magnesium needed for

A

Nerve function
Muscle contraction

65
Q

Dietary sources of magnesium

A

Green leafy vegetables
Meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt
Bran cereal, nuts
(need more if protein-rich foods, calcium, and phosphorus)

66
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Malabsorption
Alcoholism
Long-term intravenous feedings
Diuretics
Metabolic disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis)

67
Q

Hypomagnesemia signs and symptoms

A

Anticonvulsant in magnesium deficiency
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labour
Pediatric acute nephropathy
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Constipation (short-term treatment)

68
Q

Adverse effects of Hypermagnesemia

A

Tendon reflex loss
Difficult bowel movements
CNS depression
Respiratory distress
Heart block
Hypothermia

69
Q

Dietary sources of phosphorus

A

Milk, yogourt, cheese
Peas, meats, fish, eggs

70
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency causes

A
  • Rarely dietary causes
    Malabsorption
    Extensive diarrhea or vomiting
    Hyperthyroidism
    Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids
    Liver disease
71
Q

Functions of phosphorus

A
  • Required precursor for the synthesis of essential body chemicals
  • Responsible for cellular energy transfer
  • Necessary for the development and maintenance of the skeletal system and teeth
72
Q

Phosphorus aids in synthesis of

A

Nucleic acid
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

73
Q

Adverse effects of phosphorous

A

Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Other GI disturbances
Confusion
Weakness
Breathing difficulties

74
Q

What is zinc used for

A
  • Essential in metabolic reactions of proteins and carbohydrates
  • Important for normal tissue growth and repair, especially wound repair
75
Q

Where is Zinc found

A

Red meats, liver, oysters, milk products, eggs, beans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals, certain seafoods

nurs 252 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions