Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
1
Q
water sol vitamin ex
A
B-complex group and vit C
2
Q
water sol vitamins
A
dissolve in water
easily excreted in the urine
cant be stored in the body over long periods
daily intake required to prevent deficiencies
act as coenzymes or oxidation reduction agents
3
Q
fat sol vitamins
A
in plant and animal foods
stored in the liver
slow metabolism
excreted via feces
toxic in excess
daily intake not required unless deficient
4
Q
fat sol vitamins ex
A
A D E K
5
Q
vitamin A
A
aka retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate
fat soluble
food surces: liver, fish, dairy, egg yolks, dark leafy greens, yellow-orange veg
comes from carotenes
6
Q
vitamin A functions
A
growth and development of bone and teeth
night and normal
7
Q
vit a indications
A
-dietary supplement for infants, pregnant, nursing women
- deficiency (hyperkeratosis, night blindness)
- skin conditions (acne, psoriasis, keratosis follicularis
8
Q
isotretinoin and vit a
A
result in additive effects and possible toxicity
9
Q
vit a toxicity
A
- irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, diarrhea
- increased intracranial pressure in infants
- peeling of skin and erythema
10
Q
vit d
A
-fat sol vitamin
-responsible for utilization of calcium and phosphorus
- vit d2 (ergocalciferol), plant vit d, through dietary
- vit d3 (cholecalciferol) produced by skin by UV irradiation
11
Q
vit D2 containing foods
A
- fish liver oils, saltwater fish
- fortified foods: milk, bread, cereals
- animal livers: tuna, eggs, butter
12
Q
vit D functions
A
- works with parathyroid hormone to regulate absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
-for normal calcification of bone and teeth
13
Q
vit D indications
A
- treatment of conditions related to long term deficiency (rickets, tetany, osteomalacia)
- prevention of osteoporosis
- treats osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypophosphatemia
14
Q
vit D toxicity
A
- hypertension, dysrhythmias, weakness, fatigue, headache, drowsiness
- anorexia, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, constipation
- decreased bone growth, bone pain, muscle pain
-polyuria, albuminuria, increased blood urea nitrogen
15
Q
vit D toxicity can lead to _____ and ___ if untreated
A
impaired renal function and osteoporosis
16
Q
vitamin E
A
fat soluble
- alpha, beta, gamma, delta tocopherol
- dietary sources: fruits, grains, fortified cereal, veg oil, wheat germ, nuts
- animal sources: eggs, chicken, meat, fish
17
Q
vit E functions
A
- unknown
- antioxidant?
- no benefit from vit E supplementation
18
Q
vit E indications
A
dietary supplement
antioxidant
treatment of deficiency ( in premature infants)
19
Q
vit E adverse effects
A
GI and CNS
20
Q
vit K 3 types
A
fat soluble
-phytonadione (K1), menaquinone (K2), menadione (K3)
- K2 synthesized by intestinal flora
21
Q
dietary source of vit K1
A
- green leafy veggies, cheese, soybean oils
22
Q
vit K functions
A
blood coagulation factors in the liver
23
Q
vit K indications
A
- treats deficiency states (antibiotic therapy and newborn malabsorption)
- prophylactically to newborns
- reverse effects of warfarin
- pts become unresponsive to warfarin 1 week after vit K admin
24
Q
vit B1 (thiamine)
A
water sol
food sources: enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast
deficiencies: beriberi, wernicke’s encephalopathy
25
Beriberi
- brain lesions
-polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves
- serous effusions
- cardiac anatomical changes
- cerebral berberi: wernickes encephalopathy
26
vit b1 (thiamine) functions
-increase metabolism/pathways(kerbs)
- maintains PNS, cardio system, GI tract
27
vit B1 (thiamine) indications
-treats beriberi, peripheral neuritis, neuritis of pregnancy
- metabolic disorders
- malabsorption
- management of poor appetite, UC, chronic diarrhea, cerebellar syndrome or ataxia
- oral insect repellant?
28
vit B2 (riboflavin)
- water sol
- food sources: leafy greens, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole grains
29
vit B2 causes of deficiency
- alcoholism
- intestinal malabsorption
- long standing infections
- liver disease
-malignancy
- probenecid therapy
30
vit B2 functions
- converted into 2 coenzymes essential for tissue respiration
- required to activate vit B6
- tryptophan -> niacin
- maintains erythrocyte integrity
31
vit b2 deficiency
-cutaneous, oral and corneal changes
- cheilosis (chapped or fissured lips)
- seborrheic dermatitis
- keratitis
32
vit B2 indications
-supplement
-microcytic anemia
- acne
- migraine
33
vit B2 adverse effects
large doses: discoloured orange urine
34
vit B3 niacin
water sol
-food sources: beans, turkey, tuna, liver, yeast, peanuts, enriched whole grain bread and cereal, wheat germ
- synthesized from tryptophan
35
vit B3 functions
converted to nicotinamide
nicotinamide is converted to 2 conenzymes
enzymes req for gylcogenolysis and tissue respiration and carb, lipid, protein and pruine metabolisim
36
vit B3 indications
prevention and treatment of pellagra
management of dyslipidemia
beneficial effects in peripheral vascular disease
37
vit B3 deficiency
pellagra
- mental: psychotic sympt
- neurological: neurasthenic synd
- cutaneous: crusting, erythema, desquamation of skin, scaly dermatitis
- inflammation of mucous mem
- gi: bloody diarrhea
38
vit B3 adverse effects
flushing pruritus and GI distress
39
vit B6 (pyridoxine)
water sol
- sources: whole grains, wheat germ, yeast, fortified cereals
- fish, organ meats, poultry, meat, eggs
- peanuts, nuts, veg, bananas
40
vitamin B6 functions
- for metabolic functions (protein, lipid, carb utilization, conversion of tryptophan to niacin
- integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous mem, hematopoietic system
41
vit B6 deficiency
- sideroblastic anemia
- neurological disturbances
-seborrheic dermatitis
- cheilosis
- xanthurenic aciduria
42
causes of vit B6 deficiency
- inadequate intake
- poor absorption
- uremia, alcoholism, cirrosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, HF
- drug induced: isoniazid for TB, hydralazine for hypertension
43
vit B6 indications
- vit B6 deficiency
- seizures that are unresponsive to normal therapy
- morning sickness from preg
- pts with various metabolic disorders
44
vit B6 toxicity
with large doses
neurotoxicity
45
vit B12 (cyanocobalamin)
water sol
- synthesized from microorganisms present in the body
- food sources: liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals
46
vit B12 function
- fat and carb metabolism
- protein synth
- growth and cell replication
- hematopoiesis
- nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
47
vit B12 deficiency
- most common: pernicious anemia - deficiency leads to: neurologic damage and megaloblastic anemia
- caused by: malabsorption, poor dietary intake of animal organ foods
48
vit B12 oral absorption
- requires presence of intrinsic factor
- intrinsic factor: glycoprotein secreted from gastric parietal cells
49
Vit C (ascorbic acid)
water sol
- from citrus, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broc, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green pepper, liver
- can be synthesized
50
vit C functions
- oxidation reduction reactions
- req for several metabolic activities - collagen synthesis
- maintenance of connective tissue
- tissue repair
- maintenance of bone, teeth, capillaries
- folic acid metabolism
- erythropoiesis
-enhanced absorption of iron
- cellular resp
- resistance to infect
51
vit C deficiency
-prolonged: scurvy
- weakness, gingivitis, loss of teeth, anemia, subcut hemorrhage, anemia, subcut hemorrhage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissue and bones, hardening of leg muscles
52
vit C indications
- prevention of scurvey
- urinary acidifier
- no value of prophylactic for common cold
53
vit C megadoses
nausea, vomiting, headache, adb cramps
- acidified urine, stone formation
- discontinuing megadoses: scurvy like sympt
54
The most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
55
What is required for efficient absorption of calcium
Vitamin D
56
Calcium requirements high for:
Growing children
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
57
Food sources of Calcium
Especially milk and dairy products
Fortified cereals
Calcium-fortified orange juice
Sardines, salmon
58
What is calcium used for
Transmission of nerve impulses
Contraction of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
Renal function, respiration, and blood coagulation
Maintains cell membrane and capillary permeability
59
What does hypocalcemia look like
Infantile rickets (weakening of bones)
Adult osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
60
Causes of calcium deficiency
Inadequate intake of calcium or vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism
Malabsorption syndrome
61
What does hypercalcemia cause
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
If severe
Heart irregularities
Delirium
Coma
62
How does chelation affect calcium
Chelation bind to calcium and cause a insoluble complex
63
Hypercalcemia + Digoxin=
serious cardiac dysrhythmias
64
What is magnesium needed for
Nerve function
Muscle contraction
65
Dietary sources of magnesium
Green leafy vegetables
Meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt
Bran cereal, nuts
(need more if protein-rich foods, calcium, and phosphorus)
66
Causes of hypomagnesemia
Malabsorption
Alcoholism
Long-term intravenous feedings
Diuretics
Metabolic disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis)
67
Hypomagnesemia signs and symptoms
Anticonvulsant in magnesium deficiency
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labour
Pediatric acute nephropathy
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Constipation (short-term treatment)
68
Adverse effects of Hypermagnesemia
Tendon reflex loss
Difficult bowel movements
CNS depression
Respiratory distress
Heart block
Hypothermia
69
Dietary sources of phosphorus
Milk, yogourt, cheese
Peas, meats, fish, eggs
70
Phosphorus Deficiency causes
- Rarely dietary causes
Malabsorption
Extensive diarrhea or vomiting
Hyperthyroidism
Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids
Liver disease
71
Functions of phosphorus
- Required precursor for the synthesis of essential body chemicals
- Responsible for cellular energy transfer
- Necessary for the development and maintenance of the skeletal system and teeth
72
Phosphorus aids in synthesis of
Nucleic acid
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
73
Adverse effects of phosphorous
Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Other GI disturbances
Confusion
Weakness
Breathing difficulties
74
What is zinc used for
- Essential in metabolic reactions of proteins and carbohydrates
- Important for normal tissue growth and repair, especially wound repair
75
Where is Zinc found
Red meats, liver, oysters, milk products, eggs, beans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals, certain seafoods
