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nurs 252 > Substance misuse > Flashcards

Substance misuse Flashcards

1
Q

Types of dependence (4)

A

Physical dependence
Psychological dependence
Habituation
Addiction

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2
Q

Commonly misused substance (7)

A

Opioids, Stimulants, Depressants, Alcohol, Methamphetamines, Nicotine, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, molly)

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3
Q

What is methadone

A

Is a replacement drug used to treat opioid dependence. To use as a replacement for the opioid they are addicted to and it weens them off it. Long acting.

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4
Q

How is heroin taken

A

Injected, sniffed, smoked

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5
Q

How does heroin make you feel

A

Causes a brief rush followed by a few hours of relaced content state but large doses can stop respirations

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6
Q

CNS adverse effects of opioids

A

Drowsiness
Diuresis
Miosis (pupil constriction)
Convulsions
Nausea, vomiting
Respiratory depression

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7
Q

Non-CNS adverse effects of opioids

A

Hypotension
Constipation
Decreased urinary retention
Flushing of the face, neck, and upper thorax
Sweating, urticaria, and pruritus

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of Withdrawal (opioids)

A

Signs: drug seeking, Sweating, mydraiasis, Rhinorrhea, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, elevated blood pressure (BP) and pulse
Symptoms: muscle cramps, arthralgia, anxiety, nausea, malaise

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9
Q

Treatment of withdrawal of opioid

A
  • Naltrexone Hydrochloride (an opioid antagonist)
  • methylnaltrexone bromide (injectable form of ^^)
  • Naloxone to reverse an overdose
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10
Q

Types of stimulants

A

Amphetamines
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
methylenedioxymethamphetamine

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11
Q

What are methamphetamines

A
  • Stronger than amphetamines
    Found in pill, powder(injected or snorted), crystalized
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12
Q

What is Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

A
  • AKA ecstasy
  • Often homemade ad taken as a pill
  • More calming effects than other amphetamine
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13
Q

What is cocaine

A
  • From the leaves of the coca plant
  • Snorted or injected intravenously
  • Highly addictive—physical and psychological dependence
  • Comes in powdered and crystalized (smoked)
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14
Q

Stimulants adverse effects (CNS)

A

(like the body is too stimulated)
Restlessness, Syncope (fainting), Tremor, Hyperactive reflexes, Talkativeness, Irritability, Insomnia, Fever, Euphoria, Confusion, Aggression, Increased libido,, Anxiety, Delirium, Paranoid hallucinations, Suicidal or homicidal tendencies

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15
Q

Stimulants adverse effects (Cardiovascular)

A

(Heart is too stimulated)
- Headache, Chilliness, Pallor or flushing, Palpitations, Tachycardia, Cardiac dysrhythmias, Anginal pain, Hypertension or hypotension, Circulatory collapse

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16
Q

Stimulants adverse effects (GI)

A

Dry mouth
Metallic taste
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
and fatal hyperthermia

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17
Q

What does stimulant overdose look like

A

Convulsions, Coma and cerebral hemorrhage during intoxication or withdrawal

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18
Q

How long is the withdrawal (stimulants)

A

Peak:1-3 days
Duration: 5-7 days

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19
Q

Signs and symptoms of stimulant withdrawal

A

(opposite of stimulation)
Signs: Social withdrawal, psychomotor retardation, hypersomnia, hyperphagia
Symptoms:Depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviour, paranoid delusions

20
Q

Pharmacological treatment of stimulant withdrawl

A

There are no specific pharmacological treatments

21
Q

Types of depressants

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Barbiturates
  • Marihuana
  • Flunitrazepam (roofies) (not legal in canada)
22
Q

What do Benzodiazepines and barbiturates do

A
  • Increase the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which inhibits nerve transmission in the CNS
23
Q

treatment of benzodiazepine overdose.

A

flumazenil

24
Q

Difference between Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

A
  • Benzodiazepines: Induce sleep to sedate and to prevent seizures(more used than barbiturates as a replacement)
  • barbiturates: sedatives and anticonvulsants and to induce anaesthesia
25
Q

Adverse effects of depressants

A

CNS: Drowsiness, sedation, loss of coordination, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches, and paradoxical reactions
GI:Nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, and abdominal cramping
- Itchiness and skin rash

26
Q

Marihuana Adverse effects

A

Amotivational syndrome (kills the motivation of the user)

27
Q

How long is withdrawal of Depressants

A

Peak period
2 to 4 days for short-acting drugs
4 to 7 days for long-acting drugs
Duration
4 to 7 days for short-acting drugs
7 to 12 days for long-acting drugs

28
Q

signs and symptoms of withdrawal of Depressants

A

(body trying to become stimulated again after being depressed for so long)
- Signs:Increased psychomotor activity; agitation; muscular weakness; hyperthermia; diaphoresis; delirium; convulsions; elevated BP, pulse rate, and temperature; others
- Symptoms: Anxiety, depression, euphoria, incoherent thoughts, hostility, grandiosity, disorientation, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts

29
Q

How long does treatment take for depressants withdrawal

A

Takes 7-10 days or 10-14 days of tapering the drug

30
Q

Alcohol AKA…

A

Ethanol

31
Q

How is alcohol and CNS depressant

A

Causes CNS depression by dissolving in lipid membranes in the CNS

32
Q

Systemic uses for ethanol

A

Systemic uses of ethanol: treatment of methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol intoxication (e.g., from drinking automotive antifreeze solution)

33
Q

Effects of chronic ethanol ingestion

A
  • Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies (Vit B- thiamine vit B1)
  • Seizures
  • Alcoholic hepatitis leading to cirrhosis
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
34
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
is charcterized by…

A
  • Craniofacial abnormalities
  • CNS dysfunction
  • Prenatal and postnatal growth retardation
35
Q

Signs and symptoms of ethanol withdrawal

A

Elevated blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature
Insomnia
Tremors
Agitation

36
Q

delirium tremens

A

from severe alcohol withdrawal
hyperthermia, hypertension, agitation

37
Q

Ethanol: withdrawal treatment

A

Benzodiazepines are the treatment of choice (diazepam

38
Q

What does nicotine do

A
  • Releases epinephrine, which creates physiological stress rather than relaxation
39
Q

Drug effects of nicotine

A
  • Stimulation of autonomic ganglia leading to more persistent depression from autonomic ganglia
  • Respiration is increased then lead to depression
  • Increases, HR, BP and bowel activity
40
Q

What does nicotine withdrawal look like

A
  • Irritability, restlessness, decreased heart rate and BP
41
Q

How long does nicotine symptoms resolve

A

Takes 3-4 weeks but cravings may take months to years to disappear

42
Q

Types of nicotine treatment

A
  • Those with Nicotine trying to ween it off
    ( Transdermal patch, nicotine gum, inhalers and nasal spray)
  • Bupropion Hydrochloride Zyban: stops smoking without nicotine
    Varenicline tartrate: Stimulates the nicotine receptors. CI in pregnancy
43
Q

What are the most dangerous substances in terms of withdrawal

A

CNS depressants (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol)

44
Q

chewing nicotine gum will give an immediate release of nicotine T or F

A

true

45
Q
A

nurs 252 (23 decks)

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