Vitamins and Minerals 1&2 Flashcards
Why are vitamins and minerals considered essential nutrients for animals?
-they need to eat them because the can’t make them
-have to be acquired in the diet
How are minerals classified?
-macro minerals
-trace minerals
~classify by abundance
What are trace minerals?
-present in concentration of <100mg/kg or 100 ppm (0.01%)
-sparing
What are macro minerals?
-present at concentrations greater than 100 ppm (>0,01%)
-some thousands if times higher
-abundant
What is ash?
-minerals components of the body
Exampled of macro minerals
-Calcium
-Phosphorus
-Magnesium (present in all cells and needs ATP)
-Sulfur (found in amino acids
-Sodium
-Chlorine
-Potassium
~last three are electrolytes for all body functions
Examples of Trace minerals
-Cobalt (help functions of vitamins)
-Copper (move electrons; part of protein)
-Iodine
-Iron (move electrons, part of protein)
-Manganese
-Selenium
-Zinc
-Molybdenum
What do trace minerals do?
-help with important things in the body just not in abundant concentrations
What are minerals?
-inorganic ions found in the body
-about 4% of the body in humans (varies in animals)
What are the functions of minerlas?
-most of the essential minerals have some role in an enzyme reaction and many in more than 1
-part of metalloenzymes in digestion
-acid-base and water balance (NA, K, Cl)
-some are important for structures: Ca & P on bone or S on ceratin
What are some minerals with unique functions?
-Fe in hemoglobin give ability to carry blood
-Co in vitamin B12
-I in thyroid hormones
Do birds have a lower proportion of minerals?
NO, they have a higher proportion of minerals bc of they way they get rid of waste
Where can metal ions be found?
-in the small intestine on the brush boarder membrane
What are mineral requirements affected by?
-physiological state
-level of production
-interactions with other minerals
-tissue storage
-the form feed-digestibility or availability
What is it called when an animal is below its mineral optimal range? above optimal range?
-below is a deficiency
-above is an excess and can lead to a toxicity
What can determine the mineral content of feeds produced?
-minerals in soil
How long can deficiency and toxicity symptoms take to develop?
-extended period of time: months
Are absorption of minerals affected by the present of other minerals?
Yes
Where do most minerals come from?
Plants
What do fields with a lot of minerals have?
-high potassium
What are vitamins?
-organic compounds required in small amounts for normal functions
What makes vitamins difficult to classify?
-They are chemically and biologically diverse
-not fuels like glucose/fatty acids
-not structural like amino acids/Ca/P
What do vitamin generally act as?
facilitators or catalysts for metabolism of other nutrients
How are vitamins classified?
According to solubility and digestion
-Fat soluble
- Water soluble
What are vitamins important for?
linking steps together
Examples of fat soluble vitamin
-Vitamin A (eye/vision)
-Vitamin D (get from sun, helps with absorption calcium, and acts as a hormone)
-Vitamin E (antioxidant)
-Vitamin K (important for clotting factors)
Where can fat soluble vitamins be found?
in mix micelles
Examples of water soluble vitamins
-B1 Thiamin
-B2 Riboflavin
-B3 Niacin or nicotinamide
-B6 pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid
Other examples of water soluble vitamins
-Biotin
-Folic acid
-Choline (important to phospholipids)
-B12 cyanocobalamin
-C ascorbic acid
What are essential cofactors in reactions?
B vitamins
Are all vitamin metabolically essential and required in the diet?
-All vitamins are metabolically essential
-BUT not all are necessarily required in the diet depending on the diet and vitamin
What vitamin do most mammals synthesize? what are the excpetions?
-Vitamin C
-Except: humans, primates, guinea pigs, bats, and some fish and bird species
What vitamin do no mammals synthesize? who produces it?
-Vitamin B
-rumen bacteria can produce vitamin B so ruminants have a source other than the diet
What is a provitamin? example?
-Some compounds are vitamins only after conversion through chemical change
-beta-carotene to vitamin A
Why do some minerals require vitamins for proper absorption?examples?
-vitamin D helps absorb calcium, Vit D stimulates uptake of minerals
-Vitamin C helps bioavailability of iron absorption
What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?
-support for absorption
-regulation of calcium levels
What is the relationship between vitamin E and selenium?
-vitamin E and selenium are both antioxidants preventing oxidative damage in cells
-synergism in function
What is the relationship between iron and copper?
-included as electron carries in enzymes
-metals for proteins and enzymes functions
What is the relationship between vitamin B12 and cobalt?
-cobalt integral to vitamin B12
-components
Where are most Ca and P found in the body?
-in the skeleton
-99% of Ca in skeleton
-80% of P in skeleton
How is Ca and P in bone primarily found?
-hydroxyapatite
-Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
-some is free and ionized in circulation
-some associated/bond to proteins or lipids (phospholipids)
What tissues are Ca and P found in?
-Ca is found in muscle and nerve cells
-P found in molecules like DNA and RNA, liquids, found in virtually all cells
What dietary ratio is needed for an most animal diets?
-1:1 or 2:1 (Ca:P)
-animals that lay eggs need a higher ratio
What are some examples of a deficiency of Ca and P?
-Rickets
-osteocalcin
-Milk “fever”
What is rickets? and who does it happen to?
-misshapen bones
-lameness
-young animals
What is osteocalcin? and who does it happen to?
-brittle bones
-older animals
What is Milk “fever”? and who does it happen to?
-periparturient paresis: inability to stand at parturition
-insufficient calcium for the body due to sudden demand for milk production
-can’t contract muscles to stand
-cows
What is the formula for Ca and P balance in the body?
-balance = dietary intake - outputs
-outputs include fecal, urine, and production (milk)
How is Ca metabolic regulated?
-controlled to maintain a relative consistent level in plasma
-bone is dynamic: continuous turnover and remodeling
-Plasma Ca and P are regulated by hormones
What can affect hormones controlling bone metabolism and Ca absorption?
-dietary factors that affect circulating Ca
Is P metabolism related to calcium?
Yes, because of tie to bone
What is the relationship between Ca and P in bone?
-If Ca is incorporated into bone P is incorporated
-If Ca is resorbed from bone, P is resorbed
When is calcitonin released?
-when plasma Ca increases
-when more Ca is in the body than needed
What is calcitonin produced by?
-the thyroid gland
-c cells produce calcitonin
What does Calcitonin do?
-reduces plasma calcium 2 ways
~decreases reabsorption of Ca in kidneys and more output of Ca in urine
~inhibits bone osteoclasts
What happens when calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts?
-reduces breakdown of bone
-reduce release of Ca
When is the parathyroid hormone released?
-when plasma Ca concentration are low
What is parathyroid hormone produced by?
-parathyroid gland
What does parathyroid hormone do?
-increases plasma Ca by:
~stimulating production of active Vitamin D
~Stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone Ca
~promotes Ca reabsorption in kidneys
What does stimulation of vitamin D from parathyroid hormone do?
-increases Ca absorption from intestine
What does promoting Ca reabsorption in kidneys do?
-reduces urinary loss of Ca
~less Ca in urine
What are the two major forms of Vitamin D?
-D2
-D3
What is the plant source of Vitamin D?
Ergosterol
What is the animal source of Vitamin D?
7-dehygrocholesterol
What conversions are triggered by UV light?
-Ergosterol to Vitamin D2
-7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3
What is another name for Vitamin D2? and were is it found?
-ergocalciferol
-in plants
What is another name for Vitamin D3? and where is it found?
-cholecalciferol
-in animals
-birds rely on Vitamin D3
Can vitamins regulate Ca and P?
Yes
What does the activation of Vitamin D in the liver involve?
-hydroxylation in the liver
-main circulating form
-25 hydroxy D3
-no direct action of this form
What does the activation of Vitamin D in the kidney involve?
-hydroxylation in the kidney
-1,25 dihydroxy D3 or 24,25 dihydroxy D3
-carried to target tissue via blood: endocrine hormone
-act directly on target tissue (hormone response)
How does Vitamin D Activation work?
-D3 from diet go into liver or kidney
-OH added (hydronation) by enzyme (liver: hydroxylate)
-get 1,25
Vitamin D Activation process (long)
-7-dehydrocholesterol interacts with UV in skin and produces vitamin D3
-D3 can also come from diet, 25-Ohase interacts with D3 in liver and produces 25(OH)D3
-1-alpha-OHase interacts with 25(OH)D3 in the kidney or placenta and produces 1,25(OH)2D3
-1,25(OH)2D3 goes to target tissues and a biological response happens
What is our active form of Vitamin D?
1,25 dihydroxy
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
-raise plasma Ca and P levels to support normal bone mineralization
-stimulates reabsorption of Ca and P from kidney
What is the function of the active form of Vitamin D?
Transport of Ca and P across the intestine epithelium
What disease did ruminates get from grazing where there was a Cobalt deficiency in plants and soil?
Wasting disease
Where is Co deficiency localized?
-It is highly localized in parts of the Midwest and east especially Florida and coastal Carolinas.
What causes wasting disease?
Cobalt deficiency
What was found to relieve the wasting disease?
-feeding cobalt
-injecting B12
What does vitamin B12 contain?
Cobalt
Why did injecting cobalt not relieve the wasting disease?
-Cobalt needed to be affected by the rumen first
-animal cannot use cobalt, has to be converted
What is another name for vitamin B12?
cobalamin
What are sources of B12?
-microbial synthesis (rumen bacteria)
-animal tissue
Can ruminants be fed Co and receive adequate B12?
Yes
What was B12 originally called? why?-
-animal protein factor
-bc animals fed diets not containing animal protein had blood and neurological disorders
How can a B12 deficiency be delt with?
-B12 supplements
-coprophagy (eating of feces; rabbits)
What are the metabolic functions of B12?
-production of deoxyribonucleotides: needed for DNA synthesis
-propionate metabolism in ruminants
What is propionate metabolism in ruminants?
-propionate is a short-chain (volatile) fatty acid product of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen
-propionate is the major gluconeogenic substrate of ruminants
Physiological reason for Ruminant wasting disease?
-B12 is needed for conversion of methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl Coa in gluconeogenesis (part of progression for converting propynyl-CoA back to glucose)
-without the progression of propionate to glucose through gluconeogenesis, animals were starved for glucose
