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Animal Nutrition > Vitamins and Minerals 1&2 > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are vitamins and minerals considered essential nutrients for animals?

A

-they need to eat them because the can’t make them
-have to be acquired in the diet

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2
Q

How are minerals classified?

A

-macro minerals
-trace minerals
~classify by abundance

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3
Q

What are trace minerals?

A

-present in concentration of <100mg/kg or 100 ppm (0.01%)
-sparing

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4
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

-present at concentrations greater than 100 ppm (>0,01%)
-some thousands if times higher
-abundant

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5
Q

What is ash?

A

-minerals components of the body

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6
Q

Exampled of macro minerals

A

-Calcium
-Phosphorus
-Magnesium (present in all cells and needs ATP)
-Sulfur (found in amino acids
-Sodium
-Chlorine
-Potassium
~last three are electrolytes for all body functions

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7
Q

Examples of Trace minerals

A

-Cobalt (help functions of vitamins)
-Copper (move electrons; part of protein)
-Iodine
-Iron (move electrons, part of protein)
-Manganese
-Selenium
-Zinc
-Molybdenum

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8
Q

What do trace minerals do?

A

-help with important things in the body just not in abundant concentrations

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9
Q

What are minerals?

A

-inorganic ions found in the body
-about 4% of the body in humans (varies in animals)

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10
Q

What are the functions of minerlas?

A

-most of the essential minerals have some role in an enzyme reaction and many in more than 1
-part of metalloenzymes in digestion
-acid-base and water balance (NA, K, Cl)
-some are important for structures: Ca & P on bone or S on ceratin

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11
Q

What are some minerals with unique functions?

A

-Fe in hemoglobin give ability to carry blood
-Co in vitamin B12
-I in thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Do birds have a lower proportion of minerals?

A

NO, they have a higher proportion of minerals bc of they way they get rid of waste

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13
Q

Where can metal ions be found?

A

-in the small intestine on the brush boarder membrane

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14
Q

What are mineral requirements affected by?

A

-physiological state
-level of production
-interactions with other minerals
-tissue storage
-the form feed-digestibility or availability

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15
Q

What is it called when an animal is below its mineral optimal range? above optimal range?

A

-below is a deficiency
-above is an excess and can lead to a toxicity

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16
Q

What can determine the mineral content of feeds produced?

A

-minerals in soil

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17
Q

How long can deficiency and toxicity symptoms take to develop?

A

-extended period of time: months

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18
Q

Are absorption of minerals affected by the present of other minerals?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Where do most minerals come from?

A

Plants

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20
Q

What do fields with a lot of minerals have?

A

-high potassium

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21
Q

What are vitamins?

A

-organic compounds required in small amounts for normal functions

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22
Q

What makes vitamins difficult to classify?

A

-They are chemically and biologically diverse
-not fuels like glucose/fatty acids
-not structural like amino acids/Ca/P

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23
Q

What do vitamin generally act as?

A

facilitators or catalysts for metabolism of other nutrients

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24
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

According to solubility and digestion
-Fat soluble
- Water soluble

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25
Q

What are vitamins important for?

A

linking steps together

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26
Q

Examples of fat soluble vitamin

A

-Vitamin A (eye/vision)
-Vitamin D (get from sun, helps with absorption calcium, and acts as a hormone)
-Vitamin E (antioxidant)
-Vitamin K (important for clotting factors)

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27
Q

Where can fat soluble vitamins be found?

A

in mix micelles

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28
Q

Examples of water soluble vitamins

A

-B1 Thiamin
-B2 Riboflavin
-B3 Niacin or nicotinamide
-B6 pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid

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29
Q

Other examples of water soluble vitamins

A

-Biotin
-Folic acid
-Choline (important to phospholipids)
-B12 cyanocobalamin
-C ascorbic acid

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30
Q

What are essential cofactors in reactions?

A

B vitamins

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31
Q

Are all vitamin metabolically essential and required in the diet?

A

-All vitamins are metabolically essential
-BUT not all are necessarily required in the diet depending on the diet and vitamin

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32
Q

What vitamin do most mammals synthesize? what are the excpetions?

A

-Vitamin C
-Except: humans, primates, guinea pigs, bats, and some fish and bird species

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33
Q

What vitamin do no mammals synthesize? who produces it?

A

-Vitamin B
-rumen bacteria can produce vitamin B so ruminants have a source other than the diet

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34
Q

What is a provitamin? example?

A

-Some compounds are vitamins only after conversion through chemical change
-beta-carotene to vitamin A

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35
Q

Why do some minerals require vitamins for proper absorption?examples?

A

-vitamin D helps absorb calcium, Vit D stimulates uptake of minerals
-Vitamin C helps bioavailability of iron absorption

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36
Q

What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?

A

-support for absorption
-regulation of calcium levels

37
Q

What is the relationship between vitamin E and selenium?

A

-vitamin E and selenium are both antioxidants preventing oxidative damage in cells
-synergism in function

38
Q

What is the relationship between iron and copper?

A

-included as electron carries in enzymes
-metals for proteins and enzymes functions

39
Q

What is the relationship between vitamin B12 and cobalt?

A

-cobalt integral to vitamin B12
-components

40
Q

Where are most Ca and P found in the body?

A

-in the skeleton
-99% of Ca in skeleton
-80% of P in skeleton

41
Q

How is Ca and P in bone primarily found?

A

-hydroxyapatite
-Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
-some is free and ionized in circulation
-some associated/bond to proteins or lipids (phospholipids)

42
Q

What tissues are Ca and P found in?

A

-Ca is found in muscle and nerve cells
-P found in molecules like DNA and RNA, liquids, found in virtually all cells

43
Q

What dietary ratio is needed for an most animal diets?

A

-1:1 or 2:1 (Ca:P)
-animals that lay eggs need a higher ratio

44
Q

What are some examples of a deficiency of Ca and P?

A

-Rickets
-osteocalcin
-Milk “fever”

45
Q

What is rickets? and who does it happen to?

A

-misshapen bones
-lameness
-young animals

46
Q

What is osteocalcin? and who does it happen to?

A

-brittle bones
-older animals

47
Q

What is Milk “fever”? and who does it happen to?

A

-periparturient paresis: inability to stand at parturition
-insufficient calcium for the body due to sudden demand for milk production
-can’t contract muscles to stand
-cows

48
Q

What is the formula for Ca and P balance in the body?

A

-balance = dietary intake - outputs
-outputs include fecal, urine, and production (milk)

49
Q

How is Ca metabolic regulated?

A

-controlled to maintain a relative consistent level in plasma
-bone is dynamic: continuous turnover and remodeling
-Plasma Ca and P are regulated by hormones

50
Q

What can affect hormones controlling bone metabolism and Ca absorption?

A

-dietary factors that affect circulating Ca

51
Q

Is P metabolism related to calcium?

A

Yes, because of tie to bone

52
Q

What is the relationship between Ca and P in bone?

A

-If Ca is incorporated into bone P is incorporated
-If Ca is resorbed from bone, P is resorbed

53
Q

When is calcitonin released?

A

-when plasma Ca increases
-when more Ca is in the body than needed

54
Q

What is calcitonin produced by?

A

-the thyroid gland
-c cells produce calcitonin

55
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

-reduces plasma calcium 2 ways
~decreases reabsorption of Ca in kidneys and more output of Ca in urine
~inhibits bone osteoclasts

56
Q

What happens when calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts?

A

-reduces breakdown of bone
-reduce release of Ca

57
Q

When is the parathyroid hormone released?

A

-when plasma Ca concentration are low

58
Q

What is parathyroid hormone produced by?

A

-parathyroid gland

59
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

-increases plasma Ca by:
~stimulating production of active Vitamin D
~Stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone Ca
~promotes Ca reabsorption in kidneys

60
Q

What does stimulation of vitamin D from parathyroid hormone do?

A

-increases Ca absorption from intestine

61
Q

What does promoting Ca reabsorption in kidneys do?

A

-reduces urinary loss of Ca
~less Ca in urine

62
Q

What are the two major forms of Vitamin D?

A

-D2
-D3

63
Q

What is the plant source of Vitamin D?

A

Ergosterol

64
Q

What is the animal source of Vitamin D?

A

7-dehygrocholesterol

65
Q

What conversions are triggered by UV light?

A

-Ergosterol to Vitamin D2
-7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3

66
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D2? and were is it found?

A

-ergocalciferol
-in plants

67
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D3? and where is it found?

A

-cholecalciferol
-in animals
-birds rely on Vitamin D3

68
Q

Can vitamins regulate Ca and P?

A

Yes

69
Q

What does the activation of Vitamin D in the liver involve?

A

-hydroxylation in the liver
-main circulating form
-25 hydroxy D3
-no direct action of this form

70
Q

What does the activation of Vitamin D in the kidney involve?

A

-hydroxylation in the kidney
-1,25 dihydroxy D3 or 24,25 dihydroxy D3
-carried to target tissue via blood: endocrine hormone
-act directly on target tissue (hormone response)

71
Q

How does Vitamin D Activation work?

A

-D3 from diet go into liver or kidney
-OH added (hydronation) by enzyme (liver: hydroxylate)
-get 1,25

72
Q

Vitamin D Activation process (long)

A

-7-dehydrocholesterol interacts with UV in skin and produces vitamin D3
-D3 can also come from diet, 25-Ohase interacts with D3 in liver and produces 25(OH)D3
-1-alpha-OHase interacts with 25(OH)D3 in the kidney or placenta and produces 1,25(OH)2D3
-1,25(OH)2D3 goes to target tissues and a biological response happens

73
Q

What is our active form of Vitamin D?

A

1,25 dihydroxy

74
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

A

-raise plasma Ca and P levels to support normal bone mineralization
-stimulates reabsorption of Ca and P from kidney

75
Q

What is the function of the active form of Vitamin D?

A

Transport of Ca and P across the intestine epithelium

76
Q

What disease did ruminates get from grazing where there was a Cobalt deficiency in plants and soil?

A

Wasting disease

77
Q

Where is Co deficiency localized?

A

-It is highly localized in parts of the Midwest and east especially Florida and coastal Carolinas.

78
Q

What causes wasting disease?

A

Cobalt deficiency

79
Q

What was found to relieve the wasting disease?

A

-feeding cobalt
-injecting B12

80
Q

What does vitamin B12 contain?

A

Cobalt

81
Q

Why did injecting cobalt not relieve the wasting disease?

A

-Cobalt needed to be affected by the rumen first
-animal cannot use cobalt, has to be converted

82
Q

What is another name for vitamin B12?

A

cobalamin

83
Q

What are sources of B12?

A

-microbial synthesis (rumen bacteria)
-animal tissue

84
Q

Can ruminants be fed Co and receive adequate B12?

A

Yes

85
Q

What was B12 originally called? why?-

A

-animal protein factor
-bc animals fed diets not containing animal protein had blood and neurological disorders

86
Q

How can a B12 deficiency be delt with?

A

-B12 supplements
-coprophagy (eating of feces; rabbits)

87
Q

What are the metabolic functions of B12?

A

-production of deoxyribonucleotides: needed for DNA synthesis
-propionate metabolism in ruminants

88
Q

What is propionate metabolism in ruminants?

A

-propionate is a short-chain (volatile) fatty acid product of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen
-propionate is the major gluconeogenic substrate of ruminants

89
Q

Physiological reason for Ruminant wasting disease?

A

-B12 is needed for conversion of methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl Coa in gluconeogenesis (part of progression for converting propynyl-CoA back to glucose)
-without the progression of propionate to glucose through gluconeogenesis, animals were starved for glucose

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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