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Animal Nutrition > Applied Feeding 1 > Flashcards

Applied Feeding 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of plant fiber?

A

-cell wall
-cell contents

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2
Q

What are cell wall plant fiber?

A

-fibrous
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-lignin

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3
Q

What is cell content plant fiber?

A

-digestible by most animals
-proteins
-some lipids
-starch
-sugars

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4
Q

For feed analysis what is it helpful to have?

A

-estimates for cell wall (not digestible to partially digestible)
-vs cell content (digestible)

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5
Q

What lead to the development of crude fiber? and what was later found?

A

-analyzing the fiber (cell wall) content of a feed
-later found neutral and acid detergent fiber analysis

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6
Q

What is crude fiber?

A

-a component of TDN
-an estimate of the energy content of a feed
-meant to estimate cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylans, and other fibers

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7
Q

What are the drawbacks of using crude fiber estimates?

A

-time for analysis (slow and tedious)
-poor repeatability
-not universally consistent or applicable

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8
Q

What do most state regulatory systems still require?

A

-reporting of crude protein

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9
Q

When did the detergent fiber system start being developed?

A

-in the 1960’s and continued through to the 1980’s

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10
Q

What detergents were used in the detergent fiber system?

A

-two detergents used based on pH
-acid detergent
-and neutral detergent

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11
Q

What are the benefits of the detergent fiber system?

A

-microscale method is available: less consuming of reagents and sample
-repeatable
-yields analysis that related to animal use of feeds: useful for developing rations especially in ruminants

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12
Q

What does the residue from neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis represent?

A

-the fiber in a feed like
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

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13
Q

What is the removed portion in the NDF?

A

-cell contents

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14
Q

What does acid detergent fiber (ADF) remove?

A

-hemicellulose

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15
Q

What does NDF effectively separate?

A

-cell wall from cell contents
-highly digestible vs less digestible components

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16
Q

What is the residue in ADF?

A

-cellulose and lignin
-least digestible and not digestible components of the cell wall

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17
Q

What are NDF and ADF utilized mainly for?

A

-ruminants where fiber digestion is more of a factor in their nutrition
-but also for non-ruminant herbivores like horses

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18
Q

Why is the detergent fiber system the most practical feeding situation? what did it replace?

A

-its application and utility
-replaced crude fiber

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19
Q

What does NDF represent?

A

-the cell wall
-portion of a feed that is slow digested
-reflects the “bulkiness” of a feed

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20
Q

What can NDF predict?

A

-intake that is limited by fill

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21
Q

What does more NDF mean?

A

-more bulk fill and need for digestion (fermentation) for additional space

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22
Q

What is ADF related to?

A

energy values of a feed

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23
Q

Is hemicellulose more digestible than cellulose?

A

Yes

24
Q

What are NDF and ADF useful for?

A

-both measures are useful for predicting feed intake
-the energy content of a feed
-and animals performance tied to intake and energy

25
Q

What is the goal of a ration formulation?

A

-feed is consumed in sufficient amounts to support product and at a reasonable cost

26
Q

What information is needed to make a ration formulation?

A

-nutrient requirements of the animal
-feedstuff available
-type of ratio
-expected feed consumption

27
Q

What is needed for feedstuff availability to make a ration formulation?

A

-its (estimated or known) nutrient composition

28
Q

What is needed for type of ratio to make a ration formulation?

A

-complete feed
-grain mix complementing another feed
-supplement supplying protein
-vitamins
-minerals

29
Q

What is needed for expected feed consumption to make a ration formulation?

A

-this can be difficult to predict or estimate for some animals and ties back to “consumed in sufficient amounts”

30
Q

What should we consider to estimate nutrient requirements?

A

feeding standards

31
Q

What are feeding standards?

A

-quantitative descriptions of the amounts of nutrients needed by animals

32
Q

What is another way to say requirement for a function?

A

amount of a nutrient

33
Q

What does based on research mean?

A

-quantitative data from animal experiments

34
Q

What are expert committees?

A

-scientists that review research data and summarize best understanding of nutrition at the moment

35
Q

What are the expert committees for the UK, US, France, and Australia?

A

UK = ARC
US = NASEM (formerly NRC)
France = INRA
Australia = CSIRO

36
Q

When are things updated?

A

-periodically as new research and understanding becomes available
-requirements change

37
Q

What are standards ?

A

guidance for practice

38
Q

When do requirements change?

A

depending on physiological state

39
Q

What is feed intake affected by?

A

-factors

40
Q

What are examples of standards?

A

-requirements
-feed intake
-nutritional composition of ingredients over time, batch after batch, year to year

41
Q

What are the influences of nutrients and amounts on physiological state?

A

-early growth = muscle and bone
-later growth = adipose and muscle
-late pregnancy = uterus and mammary development
-early lactation = milk and adipose mobilization
-late lactation = milk and adipose accretion

42
Q

What is intake a key to?

A

-formulating rations

43
Q

What must animals do to a ration to meet requirements?

A

-must be able to consume the ration as formulated at a level to meet requirements

44
Q

What will a great ration that cannot be consumed adequately by the animal do?

A

-not meet requirements

45
Q

What happens when you feed to dense of a ration?

A

-wasted nutrients
-excess condition

46
Q

What are examples of intake factors?

A

-Physiological state and activity
-species differences
-breed differences within species
-sex, age
-palatability and physical form
-environment
-physical limitations
-health and metabolic disorders

47
Q

How does breed differences with species affect intake factors?

A

-dairy vs beef
-layer vs broiler
-draft vs race

48
Q

How does breed environment affect intake factors?

A

-temperature, humidity, wind chill
-influence on feed intake positively and negatively

49
Q

How does breed physical limitation affect intake factors?

A

-flow through GI tract
-bulk
-pregnancy

50
Q

What are requirements?

A

-amount
-Mg, g, kg (pounds)
-Kcal, Mcal, kJ
-IU for vitamins

51
Q

When should you convert to percentages?

A

-when expressing as a proportion of the diet after accounting for intake

52
Q

What is crude protein?

A

sum of protein including NPN

53
Q

Who is digestible and metabolizable protein measure for?

A

ruminants

54
Q

Who is amino acid requirements measured for?

A

non-ruminants

55
Q

Examples of nutrient requirements

A

-crude protein
-digestible and metabolizable protein
-amino acid requirements
-metabolizable energy
-digestible energy
-net energy

56
Q

Types of net energy

A

-NEg = net energy for growth
-NEi = net energy for lacation
-NEm = net energy for maintenance

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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