Applied Feeding 1 Flashcards
What are the types of plant fiber?
-cell wall
-cell contents
What are cell wall plant fiber?
-fibrous
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-lignin
What is cell content plant fiber?
-digestible by most animals
-proteins
-some lipids
-starch
-sugars
For feed analysis what is it helpful to have?
-estimates for cell wall (not digestible to partially digestible)
-vs cell content (digestible)
What lead to the development of crude fiber? and what was later found?
-analyzing the fiber (cell wall) content of a feed
-later found neutral and acid detergent fiber analysis
What is crude fiber?
-a component of TDN
-an estimate of the energy content of a feed
-meant to estimate cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylans, and other fibers
What are the drawbacks of using crude fiber estimates?
-time for analysis (slow and tedious)
-poor repeatability
-not universally consistent or applicable
What do most state regulatory systems still require?
-reporting of crude protein
When did the detergent fiber system start being developed?
-in the 1960’s and continued through to the 1980’s
What detergents were used in the detergent fiber system?
-two detergents used based on pH
-acid detergent
-and neutral detergent
What are the benefits of the detergent fiber system?
-microscale method is available: less consuming of reagents and sample
-repeatable
-yields analysis that related to animal use of feeds: useful for developing rations especially in ruminants
What does the residue from neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis represent?
-the fiber in a feed like
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin
What is the removed portion in the NDF?
-cell contents
What does acid detergent fiber (ADF) remove?
-hemicellulose
What does NDF effectively separate?
-cell wall from cell contents
-highly digestible vs less digestible components
What is the residue in ADF?
-cellulose and lignin
-least digestible and not digestible components of the cell wall
What are NDF and ADF utilized mainly for?
-ruminants where fiber digestion is more of a factor in their nutrition
-but also for non-ruminant herbivores like horses
Why is the detergent fiber system the most practical feeding situation? what did it replace?
-its application and utility
-replaced crude fiber
What does NDF represent?
-the cell wall
-portion of a feed that is slow digested
-reflects the “bulkiness” of a feed
What can NDF predict?
-intake that is limited by fill
What does more NDF mean?
-more bulk fill and need for digestion (fermentation) for additional space
What is ADF related to?
energy values of a feed
Is hemicellulose more digestible than cellulose?
Yes
What are NDF and ADF useful for?
-both measures are useful for predicting feed intake
-the energy content of a feed
-and animals performance tied to intake and energy
What is the goal of a ration formulation?
-feed is consumed in sufficient amounts to support product and at a reasonable cost
What information is needed to make a ration formulation?
-nutrient requirements of the animal
-feedstuff available
-type of ratio
-expected feed consumption
What is needed for feedstuff availability to make a ration formulation?
-its (estimated or known) nutrient composition
What is needed for type of ratio to make a ration formulation?
-complete feed
-grain mix complementing another feed
-supplement supplying protein
-vitamins
-minerals
What is needed for expected feed consumption to make a ration formulation?
-this can be difficult to predict or estimate for some animals and ties back to “consumed in sufficient amounts”
What should we consider to estimate nutrient requirements?
feeding standards
What are feeding standards?
-quantitative descriptions of the amounts of nutrients needed by animals
What is another way to say requirement for a function?
amount of a nutrient
What does based on research mean?
-quantitative data from animal experiments
What are expert committees?
-scientists that review research data and summarize best understanding of nutrition at the moment
What are the expert committees for the UK, US, France, and Australia?
UK = ARC
US = NASEM (formerly NRC)
France = INRA
Australia = CSIRO
When are things updated?
-periodically as new research and understanding becomes available
-requirements change
What are standards ?
guidance for practice
When do requirements change?
depending on physiological state
What is feed intake affected by?
-factors
What are examples of standards?
-requirements
-feed intake
-nutritional composition of ingredients over time, batch after batch, year to year
What are the influences of nutrients and amounts on physiological state?
-early growth = muscle and bone
-later growth = adipose and muscle
-late pregnancy = uterus and mammary development
-early lactation = milk and adipose mobilization
-late lactation = milk and adipose accretion
What is intake a key to?
-formulating rations
What must animals do to a ration to meet requirements?
-must be able to consume the ration as formulated at a level to meet requirements
What will a great ration that cannot be consumed adequately by the animal do?
-not meet requirements
What happens when you feed to dense of a ration?
-wasted nutrients
-excess condition
What are examples of intake factors?
-Physiological state and activity
-species differences
-breed differences within species
-sex, age
-palatability and physical form
-environment
-physical limitations
-health and metabolic disorders
How does breed differences with species affect intake factors?
-dairy vs beef
-layer vs broiler
-draft vs race
How does breed environment affect intake factors?
-temperature, humidity, wind chill
-influence on feed intake positively and negatively
How does breed physical limitation affect intake factors?
-flow through GI tract
-bulk
-pregnancy
What are requirements?
-amount
-Mg, g, kg (pounds)
-Kcal, Mcal, kJ
-IU for vitamins
When should you convert to percentages?
-when expressing as a proportion of the diet after accounting for intake
What is crude protein?
sum of protein including NPN
Who is digestible and metabolizable protein measure for?
ruminants
Who is amino acid requirements measured for?
non-ruminants
Examples of nutrient requirements
-crude protein
-digestible and metabolizable protein
-amino acid requirements
-metabolizable energy
-digestible energy
-net energy
Types of net energy
-NEg = net energy for growth
-NEi = net energy for lacation
-NEm = net energy for maintenance
