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Animal Nutrition > Dairy Nutrition > Flashcards

Dairy Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of life for a dairy cow?

A

-Newborn calf (0-60 days)
-Growing Heifer (2-13 months)
-Breeding Heifers (13-15 months)
-Pregnant Heifers (14-23 months)
-Lactating Cow (>23 months)

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2
Q

When would you start breeding a heifr?

A

-Start breeding a heifer when she is the proper size

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3
Q

What does DIM stand for?

A

Days in Milk

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4
Q

What does ECD stand for?

A

expected calving date

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5
Q

What are the stages of a lactating cow?

A

-Fresh cow (0-21 DIM)
-Early lactation (21 to 150 DIM)
-Late lactation (151 to ~305 DIM)
-Dry cow / Far off (45-60 days ECD)
-Dry cow / Close up (21 days to ECD)

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6
Q

When is a cow a transition cow?

A

Between being a dry cow/close up and a fresh cow

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7
Q

What is a fresh cow?

A

-First 3 weeks of lactating

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8
Q

Does an early or late lactation cow new higher requiements?

A

Eary lactation cow

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9
Q

In what stage does a cow get bred again?

A

-Early Lactation
-around day 70

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10
Q

In what stage does milk production decrease?

A

-Late lactation

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11
Q

In what stage should a cow be pregnant again?

A

-Late lactation

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12
Q

What is a dry cow?

A

-not producing milk
-2 months off

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13
Q

What does close up mean?

A

Within three weeks of calving

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14
Q

By what day should a cow get pregnant?

A

Day 117

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15
Q

How low do cows gestate for?

A

283 Days

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16
Q

What days should a cow be in estrus?

A

-Day 75
-Day 96
-Day 117

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17
Q

What day should a cow be calving?

A

Day 400

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18
Q

Between day 10-21 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

rapidly increasing

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19
Q

Between day 21-150 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

-increase to peak milk production
-Then slowly decrease

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20
Q

Between day 150-440 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

-decreasing till around day 400
-Around day 400 milk production increases

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21
Q

During what days of lactation do requirements rapidly increase?

A

day 21-150

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22
Q

What are the nutrient classifications?

A

-Dry Matter
-H2O

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23
Q

What categories make up dry matter?

A

-Ash
-Organic matter

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24
Q

What makes up ash?

A

Minerals and some vitamins

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25
Q

What categories make up organic matter?

A

-Crude protein
-Ether extract (EE)
-NDF
-NFC

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26
Q

What does NDF stand for?

A

Neutral Detergent Fiber

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27
Q

What makes up NDF?

A

-Hemicellulose
-Cellulose
-Lignin

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28
Q

What does NFC stand for?

A

Non-fiber Carbohydrates

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29
Q

What makes up NFC?

A

-Pectin
-Sugars
-Starch/Fructans
-Organic Acids

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30
Q

Is lignin a carbohydrate?

A

No

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31
Q

What is pectin? is it fermented? where? what does it act as?

A

-structural carbohydrate (part of the cell wall)
-Rapid fermentability in the rumen
-nutritionally, it behaves as a sugar

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32
Q

Is NFC highly fermentable and digestible?

A

Yes

33
Q

When should newborn calves get colostrum? how much? what is in colostrum?

A

-within 6 hours of life
-should get 1 gallon; average 2 quarts, but depends on calf size
-get passive immunity (immunoglobulins)

34
Q

Why should calves get colostrum within 6 hours of life?

A

-Tigh junctions start to tighten up after 24 hours

35
Q

What is specific to calves?

A

esophageal groove

36
Q

What are pre-weaned calves feed?

A

-Whole milk (saleable milk)
-Milk Replacers
-Waste milk

37
Q

Why is feeding whole milk not a great option?

A

-The nutrients is not stable

38
Q

What is milk replacer made up of?

A

-28:20 milk replacer: 28% crude protein and 20% fat, DM basis
-20:20 milk replacer: 20% crude protein and 20% fat, DM basis

39
Q

What is waste milk?

A

Come from animals who were sick/ animals that got antibiotics

40
Q

What is pre-weaned calves the transition between? what are the transitions?

A

-Feed types
-from milk/milk replacers > starter > hay > grower > TMR

41
Q

How long are calves on milk/milk replacer?

A

-day 1-56

42
Q

How long are calves on starter? what is started made of? form?

A

-day 7-70
->20% crude protein
-pellet

43
Q

How long are calves on hay? Is the hay good or bad quality?

A

-day 57-84
-good quality

44
Q

How long are claves on grower feed? what is it made up of?

A

-day 71-84+
-16-18% crude protein

45
Q

How long are claves on TMR? what is TMR?

A

->84 days
-Total mix ration

46
Q

Are replacement heifers a small or large expense of resources?

A

Large

47
Q

What does the diet of a replacement heifer look like?

A

-relatively low energy and protein requirements
-generally high forage diets (>50%)
-grazing

48
Q

What is manipulate in a replacement heifers diet? why?

A

-dietary energy
-to target different ADG

49
Q

Why are replacement heifers feed cheap, grain, and cheap overall diet?

A

Bc the producer is putting in money, but not yet receiving product

50
Q

What is a good ADG for a replacement heifer?

A

1.75lb -2lb

51
Q

Characteristics of a Fresh Cow

A

-Low DIM
<38% NFC (avoid acidosis)

52
Q

What type of diet is a fresh cow fed? what are you feeding to improve?

A

-Transition diet, more concentrated
-still feeding to improve DIM and reduce incidences of metabolic disorders

53
Q

What does the diet for Early Lactation look like?

A

-High quality forage
-28-30% NDF
~40% NFC (avoid acidosis)
-supplement fat: extra energy
-most efficient use of additives
-feeding the most, high quality and easy digestible

54
Q

Early lactation also know as…

A

“Full power”

55
Q

Characteristics of Late Lactation

A

-Persistency: steady slow decline of milk over the days
-decrease DIM and MY
-Recovering body reserves: manage BCS
-production decrease

56
Q

What does a Late Lactation diet look like?

A

-Less efficient use of expensive feed additives
-increase forage (30-35% NDF)
-Decrease concentrate (< or equal to 16% crude protein)
-lower quality forages

57
Q

What type of energy balance does a late lactation cow have?

A

-negative
-mobilizing body fat

58
Q

What does the diet of a dry cow: far off (60-45 days ECD) look like?

A

-“slow down diet”
-high forage
-little concentrate
-lower energy
-lower quality forage
-grazing

59
Q

What diet is dry cow: far off similar to?

A

Replacement heifers

60
Q

What is a dry cow: close up (21 days ECD) intermediate of?

A

Of a far-off cow and lactating cows

61
Q

What type of diet does a dry cow: close up have? what does it do?

A

Transition diet
-improve DIM and reduce incidences of metabolic disorders

62
Q

What do you have to make sure for an animal to eat a feed?

A

Make sure its palatable

63
Q

What is the transition period?

A

The 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving

64
Q

Who are at most risk of a metabolic disease?

A

Transition cows

65
Q

What are the 3 greatest most common risk of metabolic disease?

A

-hypocalcemia
-ketosis and fatty liver
-acidosis

66
Q

What are 3 more risks of metabolic disease that can be secondary of the first three?

A

-Laminitis
-Displaced abomasum
-retained placenta

67
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

-Also know as “milk fever”
-sudden and drastic decease in serum (Ca) following the onset of lactation, “downed cow”
-low Ca

68
Q

What is a downed cow?

A

-laying down, not getting up
-risk of death
-not producing

69
Q

What can hypocalcemia impact?

A

-health
-future lower milk production
-decrease reproductive performance
-gateway to other post-partum metabolic diseases

70
Q

How can you prevent hypocalcemia?

A

-preparing for Ca mobilization during dry periods
-low calcium diets during dry periods
-low potassium diets during dry periods (avoid alfalfa)
-Anionic salts: close up diets (DCAD 100-200 mEq/kg), increase salts and ions
-calcium bolus after calving

71
Q

What is ketosis and fatty liver (symptoms)?

A

-Build up of fat in the liver
-nutrient partitioning and fat mobilization
-Low blood glucose
-excess ketone bodies
-weight loss
-depressed milk production
-lethargy

72
Q

What is ketosis and fatty liver caused by?

A

-Negative energy balance (NEB)
-naturally reduced DIM
-Late fetal development uses ~46% maternal glucose
-onset of lactation (lactose)

73
Q

How can you prevent ketosis and fatty liver?

A

-Prevention is dependent on maintaining good BCS
-feed palatable and nutritious to maintain DIM
-Management is also a key factor

74
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

Excess production and accumulation of acids in the rumen (low rumen pH)

75
Q

What is acidosis caused by?

A

-low NDF
-High NFC and digestible starch: fermented to fast and now build up of VFAs

76
Q

What might acidosis seem like?

A

-milk fat depression
-reduced efficiency
-liquidly manure
-laminitis and hoof problems

77
Q

How is acidosis treated?

A

-more NDF and peNDF

78
Q

What is used to prevent acidosis?

A

-buffers are typically included in the diets of lactating cows

79
Q

How do we decide what to feed cows?

A

-locality
-seasonality
-economics
-land-use
-quality
-availability

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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