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Animal Nutrition > Test 1 Material > Flashcards

Test 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient requirement?

A

The amount of a feed needed to perform a task or function.

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2
Q

What are example of nutrient requirements relevant to animal production?

A

-Protein in carnivores for muscling
-calcium in chicken for eggs
-calcium in rabbits to grow teeth

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3
Q

What is the role of feeds in supplying nutrients?

A

combination of ingredients given to animals to provide them with nutrients needed to meet requirements.

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4
Q

Describe the basic purpose of feed analysis.

A

Understand nutrient composition of feed

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5
Q

Describe the process of feed analysis.

A

-Chemical
-Spectroscopic

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6
Q

Describe the outcome of feed analysis.

A

Understanding the composition.

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7
Q

How can digestive anatomy influence nutrient utilization?

A

Different digestive tracts accommodate and support fiber fermentation differently.

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8
Q

How can a ruminants digestive anatomy influence nutrient utilization?

A

-4 chambered stomach
-Able to digest tough plant material
-complex

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9
Q

How can a simple stomach digestive anatomy influence nutrient utilization?

A

-1 chambered stomach
-unable to digest tough plant material
-simple tract

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10
Q

How can you integrate the concepts of requirements, nutrients, and feeds to describe the basic purpose, prose, and outcome of ration formulation.

A
  1. Establish nutrient requirements
  2. establish feed ingredients
  3. establish feed intake based on animal
  4. Implementation of feeding plan

-Develop composition of feed and ingredients based in nutrient requirements which are depended on animal, age, size, production, and physiological state, to meet requirements.

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11
Q

What is nutrient requirement based on?

A

-age
-size
-animal production
-physiological state

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12
Q

What are feed ingredients based on?

A

-using nutrient composition (feed analysis)

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13
Q

What is feed intake based on?

A

-animal
-also affected by same thing as nutrient requirements

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14
Q

What goes into implementing feeding plan?

A

Making/developing composition of feed and ingredients to supply nutrients to meet requirements.

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15
Q

Define nutrient requirement?

A

A quantity of something an animal needs to survive, grow, and maintain life.

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16
Q

What is a monosaccharide? and what are examples of them?

A

-a single sugar
-glucose
-galactose
-fructose

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17
Q

What is a disaccharide? and what are examples of them?

A

-two monosaccharides
-maltose
-lactose
-sucrose

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18
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

-starch (from plants)
-cellulose
-Amylose
-Amylopectin
-Glycogen

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19
Q

What is amylose?

A

-glucose monomer bonded by beta 1,4
-single line

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20
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

-glucose monomer bonded by beta 1,4
-has branches bonded by beta 1,6

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21
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

-A larger version of amylopectin
-made by animals
-storage form of carbohydrate
-denser branches than amylopectin

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22
Q

What are the two types of starch we focus on?

A

-amylose
-amylopectin

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23
Q

What is the physical property of amylose?

A

water-soluble

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24
Q

What is the physical property of amylopectin?

A

-very little water-soluble because branching limits water access

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25
Q

Contrast the digestibility of starch with cellulose.

A

-Cellulose is ridged and more compact meaning it’s less water-soluble and harder to digest
~non-ruminants lack the enzyme to breakdown beta 1,4 (practically undigestible)
-Starch is easier to digest because animals have enzymes to do so

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26
Q

What are the steps of starch digestion?

A

-Alpha amylases
-glucoamylase
-maltose, lactose, and surcase
-hexose transport

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27
Q

What is alpha-amylase?

A

-initial hydrolysis
-salivary
-pancreatic

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28
Q

What breaks beta 1,4 bonds?

A

-glucoamylase
-sucrase

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29
Q

What breaks beta 1,4 and beta 1,6 binds?

A

Isomaltose

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30
Q

Where are maltose, lactose, and sucrase located? what do they do?

A

-found in gradients in the brush border membrane
-hydrolysis of disaccharides

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31
Q

What are more maltose, lactose, and sucrase found? less found?

A

A greater number proximal to the stomach, and a lower number distal to the stomach.

32
Q

What does Hexose transport do? where?

A

-facilitates glucose transporter
-sodium-glucose cotransporters
-In the lumen and submucosa

33
Q

What does hexose transport do in the lumen?

A

-facilitates glucose transporters (Glut-5) and transports just fructose
-sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT-1) and transports glucose, galactose and Na+

34
Q

What does hexose transport do in the submucosa?

A

Glut-2 transports everything.

35
Q

Carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.

A

-bacteria get first pass and ferment carbohydrates
-Glucose is NOT derived from diet
-fermentation results in short-chain fatty acids

36
Q

Carbohydrate digestion in non-ruminants.

A

-have enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates
-can get glucose form diet
-can’t digest cellulse and high fiber

37
Q

What is glucose turnover?

A

The continuous utilization and synthesis in the body

38
Q

What is nutrient?

A

A subtance that is essential for growth, maintenance, and reapir of an animal’s body.

39
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process by which food is broken down into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body.

40
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that occur within an animal’s body to maintain life.

41
Q

What are some things that can influence nutrient requirements?

A

-age
-size
-breed
-physiological state
-genetics
-gestation
-lactation
-production
-environment

42
Q

What can be used to determine feed composition?

A

-proximate analysis
-spectroscopy

43
Q

True or False. Herbivores have less complex digestive tracts enabling them to better able digest plant material than carnivores.

A

False

44
Q

What physical properties of starches can limit water access and absorption?

A

-Granule size
-Branching
-Starch compactness

45
Q

Compare and contrast cellulose and amylopectin.

A

-Both are polymers of glucose monomers
-Amylopectin has alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 bonds, branches, and non-structural
-Cellulose has beta-2,4 bonds and is unbranched and structural carbohydrates.
-Location differences within a plant

46
Q

Which enzymes initiate starch digestion?

A

-Salivary amylase
-pancreatic amylase

47
Q

What is glucose turnover?

A

Glucose is constantly utilized and synthesized in the body.

48
Q

How can sugars be transported from the lumen of the small intestine?

A

-Facilitated Transporters
-Sodium Dependent Transporters

49
Q

What enzymes converts glucose to glucose-6-P?

A

Hexokinase

50
Q

What enzyme converts fructose-6-P to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

51
Q

What enzyme converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

52
Q

What is an output from 1 Glucose after glycolysis?

A

-2 pyruvate
-2 ATP

53
Q

Describe how ruminants and non-ruminants differ in source of glucose?

A

-Non-ruminants can obtain glucose from diet or synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (gluconeogenesis).
-In Ruminants carbohydrates and glucose are fermented in the rumen, so these animals depend constantly on gluconeogenesis supply glucose

54
Q

Your neighbor from Denmark stops at your farm. You mention a good deal you got on feed for your chickens. You tell her that you bought 7.5 (short) tons of feed. She wants to know how many kilograms that is. How many kg is it?

A

6,818 kg

55
Q

How do amylose and amylopectin differ?

A

Amylopectin has a branching structure.

56
Q

You just bought feed that is 16.5% protein. If you bough 2 short tons, how many pounds of protein did you just buy?

A

660 lb

57
Q

Glycolysis requires an INPUT of 2 ATP. Glycolysis itself PRODUCES ___ ATP. Glycolysis results in a net ___ of ___ ATP. If aerobic conditions are present, additional ATP from oxidative phosphorylation of ___ produces ___ more ATP.

A

-4
-gain
-2
-NADH+H+
-6

58
Q

What are the brush border enzymes utilized for starch digestion?

A

-glucoamylase
-isomaltase

59
Q

What is the process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates?

A

Gluconeogenesis

60
Q

What reactions of glycolysis proceed in only one direction?

A

-Hexokinase (Glucokinase)
-Phosphofructokinase-1
-Pyruvate kinase

61
Q

After nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine and released into the bloodstream, what is the next organ they encounter?

A

Liver

62
Q

If you want to determine true amino acid digestibility for a feed, where must you sample to determine it?

A

ileum

63
Q

Your nutrient management planner is concerned about phosphorus pollution. You’ve just received 4 (metric) tons of feed with 0.23% phosphorus content. How many kilograms of phosphorus have you just recived?

A

9.2 kg

64
Q

What are the ten essential amino acids?

A

-Phenylalanine
-Valine
-Threonine
-Tryptophan
-Isoleucine
-Methionine
-Histidine
-Arginine
-Leucine
-Lysine

64
Q

Explain why starch is able to be digested without the help of microbes compared to cellulose. Mention both starch and cellulose.

A

-The orientation of the glycosidic bond determines digestibility.
-Glucose monomers in starch are linked by the alpha glycosidic bonds and cellulose is linked by beta glycosidic bonds.
-Animals can produce the correct amylase enzyme to digest the alpha bond of starch (alpha-amylase) whereas animals do not produce an enzyme for beta glycosidic bonds. Microbes do.
-Therefore, cellulose can only be digested in animals with the help of microbes.

65
Q

What is the purpose of transamination and what is involved (substrates and products)?

A

-Transamination can be used to produce non-essential amino acids.
-An amino acid and a keto acid are substrates and the amino group is transferred to produce a new amino acid and another keto acid.

66
Q

What are the products of deamination and what happens to them after deamination?

A

-Deamination is the removal of an amine group from an amino acid.
-The products are ammonia and the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.
-Ammonia is converted to urea for excretion and the carbon skeleton can be come an amino acid again, be used for gluconeogenesis to produce sugar or converted to energy.

67
Q

Define glucose turnover. What are three potential fates or ways glucose can be used in the body?

A

-Glucose turnover is the continuous utilization and synthesis of glucose in the body.
-Glucose can be used in several ways. It can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. It can be used to produce energy through glycolysis.
-Downstream, it can also be used for fatty acid synthesis.

68
Q

How does the ending an energy yield differ if glycolysis occurs under aerobic conditions verses anaerobic conditions and why?

A

-Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis ends with pyruvate and the net production of 2 ATP. In the presence of mitochondria, NADH produced during glycolysis can be used to produce additional ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and this increases the yield of ATP by 6.
-In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to lactate. This consumes the NADH and allows NAD to cycle in glycolysis. This produces only the 2 ATP from glycolysis.

69
Q

Compare and contrast the impact of a ruminant digestive tract verses a non-ruminant for carbohydrate digestion and absorption. How do these digestive tracts interact with one of these nutrients to influence what is absorbed?

A

-Non-ruminants are able to digest starch and sugars. Their ability to digest fiber is limited.
-Ruminants on the other can digest fiber using microbes in the rumen. The microbes also break down starch and sugars.
-Whereas non-ruminants absorb sugars following digestion of starch and sugars, ruminants do not. They absorb short-chain (volatile) fatty acids that the microbes produce through fermentation of the carbohydrates including fiber.

70
Q

Compare and contrast the impact of a ruminant digestive tract verses a non-ruminant for protein digestion and absorption. How do these digestive tracts interact with one of these nutrients to influence what is absorbed?

A

-In non-ruminants, proteins are digested and absorbed as amino acids in the small intestine. -This is also true for ruminants, but because rumen microbes can modify feeds in the rumen, the amino acid profile changes.
-In non-ruminants, the absorbed amino acid profiles reflects the profile of the feed.
-In ruminants, the rumen microbes can modify the feed amino acid profile and improve it. Feeds with low quality protein can be improved by rumen microbes producing more essential amino acids than what was originally in the feed.

71
Q

You are raising a pig at home and trying to feed it on a tight budget. So when you saw a good deal on a “super speedy pig grower diet” from Scotty’s Super Discount Feed Mill, you bought it. The pig feed is advertised to meet the requirements of a growing pig and your pig is eating the expected amount of feed. Since you started your pig on the diet, you’ve noticed that it is not growing particularly fast and it is definitely not as lean as would be expected.

Scotty advertises that the crude protein of the feed is greater than 18%. You send off a sample for feed analysis and the analysis came back as 3.2% nitrogen (N). What is the crude protein percent of the feed based on the analysis? How does this compare with the advertised value?

Consider the feed from Scotty’s Super Discount Feed Mill and the lack of lean growth of your pig. What might explain the difference?

A

The calculated crude protein is 20% (3.2% x 6.25). This exceeds the advertised value of 18%.

One possibility explaining the difference in growth is that the protein in the diet does not meet requirements. You tested the diet, but this is only nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen like urea might inflate the protein value but not actually be protein.

Another possibility is that the amino acid profile does not meet requirements. Lean growth depends on meeting the amino acid requirement and if the protein is present but the essential amino acids are lacking, lean growth might not be supported.

This question focuses on protein and some might focus on things that influence requirements. Perhaps something about the age of the pig, that it isn’t growing lean because it’s old. Other possibilities might be presented. Depending on the strength of the argument, this might be accepted.

Energy is needed for lean growth as well and perhaps that would be limiting even with adequate protein. This answer might received credit, again, depending on the strength of the argument and explanation/understanding of the concept and solid presentation of the idea. This argument hinges on the idea that the protein is adequate and something else must be at fault.

72
Q

Describe the process of protein synthesis using amino acids.

A

-Protein translation: using amino acids from the diet
-If you don’t have amino acids use other amino acids to for NEAA
-If you have to many amino acids deaminated them to free up carbon skeletons
-produces NH3

73
Q

What is the process and role of transamination in metabolism?

A

-moving an amino acid group to form a keto acid
-shifting amino acids we have to create ones we need

74
Q

What is the process and role of deamination in metabolism?

A

-Removal of an amino group after treatment with nitrous acid
-produces a ketoacid and ammonia
-uses enzyme L amino acid deaminase (L-AAD)
-ketoacids can be further metabolized in many pathways to produce other products

75
Q

Who are the key player in the urea cycle?

A

-liver

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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