Feedstuff 1 Flashcards
What is feedstuff?
-raw material that make up feed
What affects feedstuff acceptability for diet inclusion?
-Cost
-Acceptability to the animals
-Digestibility or bioavailability of nutrients
-Nutrient content
-Presence of toxins or anti-nutritional factors
-Ability to handle or feed
What does acceptability to the animal mean?
-Palatability
How does cost affect feedstuff acceptability for diet inclusion?
-Many feedstuffs fed to animals are not edible by humans or exceed human needs
What are the board categories of feedstuff?
-Forages
-Concentrates
-Byproducts
-Supplements
-Non-nutritive feed additives
What does forages intel?
-dry and high moisture
-Roughages
What are roughages?
-Roughages and forages can be used interchangeable
-but some people use roughage as a more defined forage
-bulkier, lower digestibility forages
What do concentrates intel?
-Energy
-Protein
Can byproducts be seen as their own category?
-yes and no
-can also be seen as concentrates
-example is citrus pulp is from oranges and can be given to animals and can be seen as a byproduct and concentrate
What do supplements intel? when do you add supplements?
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-might have to add supplements if ingredients don’t provide all vitamins and minerals
What do non-nutritive feed additives intel?
-add something to the diet like flavor (advance palatability) or preservatives
What are feedstuffs from plants
-Forages are plant feedstuffs
-Most feedstuffs are derived from plants
-Plant photosynthesize
-Plants can synthesize amino acids from inorganic N
What does plant photosynthesis intel?
-Plants can combine CO2 and H2O to produce sugars and O2
-Sugars are energy for the plant to produce other nutrients
What are the parts of a plant?
-leaves
-stems
-fruit
-roots and flowers
What do leaves intel?
-more nutritious
-higher in non-structural carbohydrates and protein
-lower in structural carbohydrates
What do stems intel?
-less nutritious
-high structural carbohydrates
-fiber
What does fruit intel?
-cereal grain
-rich in starch and oilseeds
-rich in fat and protein
What do roots and flowers intel?
-generally unimportant as feeds except in a few cases
Why are knowing the different plant parts important?
-each part of the plant has different digestibility
What are forages derived from?
Leaves and stems
What concentrate is from fruit?
Seeds
What does forage include?
-whole plant or most of the plant feedstuffs
What are characteristics of forage?
-Bulky: low weight per volume
-Variable in physical and chemical composition
-Higher fiber content and lower nutrient density than concentrates
Who are forages primarily fed to?
-Herbivores
What are expectations to forage characteristics?
-Corn silage is high in fiber but the grain content increases nutrient density
-lush forages have high fiber but higher digestibility because immature
What is in corn silage?
-All of the corn plant
What does fiber include?
-cellulose
-but also other structural carbohydrates
What does fiber digestibility influence?
-influences the availability of energy from structural carbohydrates
What is Lignin?
-structural, indigestible fiber component
-composed on phenolic compounds
-covalently bound to hemicellulose
What is the relationship between lignin and digestibility?
-Lignin content is inversely related to digestibility of the energy from fiber
-lignin limits fiber digestibility: probably physically (blocking access)
-Lignin increases with plant maturity: it links increasing maturity and decreasing digestibility
Do legumes loss fiber with maturity as fast as grasses?
No, grasses loss fiber faster with maturity
What happens as plants mature?
-the mass they produce increases
-more growth is more yield, more feed
-lignin increases in their tissues
What do you have to balance when harvesting plants?
-increasing lignin content (decreasing digestibility) with increasing yield from the plant growing larger
What is nutrient value composite of?
-Nutrient density
-Digestibility
What is nutrient density?
content of nutrients per weight
What is digestibility?
-ability of animal to digest and absorb nutrients
What factors affect nutritive value?
-Maturity (Growth stage)
-Leaf : stem ratio
-Species and cultivars
How does maturity affect nutritive value?
-increasing plant maturity decreases nutritive value
How does the leaf : stem ratio affect nutritive value?
-more leaves are desirable because of increases nutrient density and less structural carbohydrates (fiber)
How does species and cultivar affect nutritive value?
-Example: legume and grass leaves and stems
-alfalfa leaves maintain digestibility through maturity while grass leaves continue to decline
-stems of some grasses remain more digestible with maturity compared to others
-timothy and brome stems remain more digestible than orchard grass with increasing maturity
Are forages and roughages used interchangeably?
Mostly, roughages sometimes more specific to high fiber by-product feeds - straws, corncobs, soybean haul
What animals are forages and roughages the primary feed for?
-Herbivores
-including: ruminants and horses that ferment structure carbohydrates
What are the different types of forages and roughages?
-Fresh vs harvested and stored
-Pasture vs hay and silages
What do forages include? quality?
-the cell wall of the plant unlike the seeds that concentrates are sometimes derived from
-wide range of quality across forages depending on type, maturity
What are the forage plant types?
-Native vs cultivated species
-Grasses
-Legumes
-Forbs
-Browse
What is native vs cultivated forage?
-cultivated species have been selected for productivity and quality
What are the types of grass forages?
-Cool season: best growth in spring and fall
-Warm season: most active in early summer
What are examples of forbs forages?
-broadleaf
-non-woody plants
-dandelion
What are examples of browse forages?
-woody plants consumed by some ruminants (deer or antelope)
What are the types of cultivated forage plant classifications?
-Grasses
-Legumes
What is the classification of grasses for cultivated forage plants?
-long narrow leaves on round stems
-seeds are rich in starch
-includes cereals like corn, wheat, oats, rye, rice
What is the classification of legumes for cultivated forage plants?
-Able to fix atmospheric N2 using bacteria in root nodules
-leaves often trifoliate: in threes
-includes clovers, alfalfa, peas, beans, vetches
What are the type of pasture and grazed forage grasses?
-cool vs warm season grasses: cool season grasses tend to mature slower than warm season
-Palatability: lush, young grass very palatable, but palatability decline with maturity
How does cool vs warm season grasses affect quality?
-cool season usually better quality
-warm season grass grow when cool season grass is not growing
-warm season grows quicker, but lower quality
What are examples of cool season grasses?
-Perennial ryegrass
-Italian ryegrass
-Orchard grass
-tall fescue
-brome grass
What are examples of warm season grasses?
-Bermuda grass
-Sudan grass
-elephant grass
(tropical)
-kikuyu grass
-pangola
-panicgrass
How are cereal grains as grazed forages? when grow?
-when young and vegetative, cereal grains can be grazed: wheat pasture, cereal rye, and barely
When do cereal grains grow when used as grazed forages? who used for?
-Grow in late winter and early spring: limited growth in perennial grasses
-beef pastures in south and southwest
How are legumes as pasture and grazed forage?
-cultivated legumes are most common
-alfalfa is most common cultivated legume for many purposes including high yield, persistent, palatable
-high quality
What are some examples of legumes?
-Clovers
-lespedeza
-Vetches
-Bridsfoot trefoil
Legumes Characteristics
-Higher protein than grasses: especially with increasing maturity
-High concentrations of Ca, Mg, S
-lower fiber
-
Why can too many clovers and alfalfa cause bloat in grazed cattle?
-layer of foam in rumen that traps gas
-frothy fermentation and trapped rumen gas
-suffocation if not relieved
What is native pastures and range?
-uncultivated native forages: areas where soil, environment, topography prevent cultivation
-very diverse range of plants: grasses, sedges, forbs, browse
-Highly variable nutrient composition of plants
-seasonal effects on quality and availability
