Feedstuff 2 Flashcards
What is the purpose of conserved forage?
-feed animals in confinement
-bridge gaps in time when grazing for forages are not available
How can you conserve forage?
-harvested and stored dried
-or harvested and stored as a high moisture forage
What cost does harvesting and storing forage come with?
-equipment
-storage
-labor
What is economical in forage-based animal production system?
-maximizing grazing
What are the types of hays?
-Grasses
-legumes
-Forage
-and mixtures
How is forage harvested?
-mowed field
-timing to optimize maturity and yield of nutrients
-allowed to dry in field
-collect for storage typically in bales
What is Field cured? what does it do?
-allowing hay to dry in field
-should get to 14-18% moisture (~85% dry matter)
-low water content allows storage with minimal spoilage
When does hay losses occur?
-cutting
-drying
-moving
-rain on partially dried hay damages
-plant respiration prior to complete drying
-leaf shattering
-slow drying
How does plant respiration prior to complete drying cause hay loss?
Oxidation of non-structural carbohydrates
How does leaf shattering cause hay loss?
-loss of legumes leaves at baling
-leaves have higher nutrient density
How does slow drying cause hay loss?
-moisture can lead to mold development
What is straw?
-is stems and leaves of grass following harvest of cereal grains
-fully mature plants at grain harvest
Characteristics of straw
-fully mature
-maximum lignin
-low protein
-high fiber
-low feeding value
What are types of high moisture forages?
-Green chop
-silage
What is green chop?
-freshly harvested and immediately fed forage
What is silage? and examples.
-harvest forage stored to promote fermentation as preservation
-can be stored for long periods with limited loss of quality and retains feeding value
-corn silage
-haylage
-small grain silage
How is corn silage produced?
-chop corn plants at 30-35% moisture
-pack airtight to promote fermentation
-allow bacteria to ferment non-structural carbohydrates to produce acetic and lactic acid
-acids are the preservative
How is grass or legume haylage produced?
-chop at 30-35% moisture
-mow forage and allow to partially dry in the field
-pack airtight to promote fermentation
-allow bacteria to ferment non-structural carbohydrates to acetic and lactic acid
-acids are the preservative
What are the phases in Fermentation for bale silage?
-Aerobic phase
-Lag phase
-Fermentation phase
-Stable phase
What happens in the aerobic phase?
-day 1
-high levels of carbohydrates converting to acid
-decreasing levels of bacterial growth
- plant uses oxygen till all oxygen gone
What happens in the lag phase?
-day 2
-high levels of carbohydrates converting to acid
-low levels of bacterial growth
What happens in the fermentation phase?
-day 2 to14
-decreasing carbohydrates converting to acid
-peak bacteria growth
-decreasing pH rapidly
What happens in the stable phase?
-day 14 and on
- decreasing bacteria growth
-constant carbohydrates converting to acid
-phase which feed will not further degrade
What causes losses in silage production?
-gaseous losses during fermentation
-changes in nutrient composition
-mold development
How does changes in nutrient composition can loss in silage production?
-reductions in soluble carbohydrates (sugars), fermented proteins to non-protein nitrogen
-during fermentation there can be gas loss from oxidation and changes of composition of feed bc they use feed for their own growth
How does mold development can loss in silage production?
-if not packed to eliminate air adequately
-mold will degrade feed quality and cause toxicity
What are the advantages of silage?
-Preserves nutrients better than hay
-less dependent on weather conditions
-don’t need to achieve dryness
What are the disadvantages of silage?
-feed handing: more water = more weight
-some expense for harvesting equipment and storage
-challenges with marketing: water and storage
-selling to someone else: weight handling
Is hay dry stored or silage better preserved?
silage
What is another disadvantage to silage?
-once taken out of anaerobic condition feed starts to change
What is energy concentrates? examples?
-added to diets to increase energy density
-cereal grains
-distillery byproducts
-liquids like molasses
-roots or tubers (beet pulp)
-fats and oils (non-starch)
Examples of cereal grains?
-wheat
-barley
-oats
-corn
-sorghum (grain)
What are distillery byproducts? Examples?
-cereal grains residue after fermentation
-ethanol that goes in gas
Make up of cereal grains
-protein 10-14% (low protein): essential amino acids in short supply (lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine)
-Lipid 1-6%
What is cereal milling from byproducts?
-cereal grains are milled for other products like flour or corn syrup
-residuals often become livestock feeds
-wheat middling or from flour production
-corn gluten feed is byproduct of the corn syrup and oil processing
What are roots and fruits from byproducts?
-dried beet pulp from sugar beets: residual after sugar removal
-citrus pulp: residue after juice removal
What are fats and oils added to? Examples?
-fats are added to rations
-plant oils
-beef/pork fat
-poultry fat (offal)
-blended feed grade fat (blends of tallow, poultry, and restaurant grease)
Why are fats added to rations?
-source of energy (2.25 * CH2O)
-reduction of dustiness
-increase palatability
What is the most important characteristic of fats and oils?
-higher calories
What does to much fat in herbivores disrupt?
Fermentation
What can be added to dusty feeds to make them more palatable?
-oil can be added
What are the types and sources of protein concentrates?
-Animal origin
-Plant origin
Examples of animal origin protein concentrates?
-meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal
-poultry products
-milk products
-marine (fish) protein sources
Examples of plant origin protein concentrates?
-soybean meal (major example)
-cottonseed meal (whole cottonseed)
-other oil seeds: linseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower, rapeseed
What type of oilseed if feed a lot in the south?
Cottonseed
What are the most important type of feed source of protein?
plant sources
What do plant sources consist of?
-Oilseeds like soybean, cottonseed, and peanut
-high in crude protein (40+%)
-high percent of nitrogen present in true protein
-
How is oil removed from seed?
-oil is removed by pressing (expeller)
-or extraction by solvent
-or combination press and solvent
