Feedstuff 3 Flashcards
What informs the need for supplementation?
Analysis
Do most feedstuffs contain minerals?
Yes, containing varying concentrations and composition
Why is NaCl often added to diets?
-Is a carrier for other (micro)minerals included in the diet
Why is calcium and phosphorous also often added to the diet?
-added in some form because of a certain level of requirement needed
What is phytate phosphorous limited in?
-digestibility
Why is it important to monitor phosphours?
-phosphorus from plants has limited digestibility in simple stomach animals and must be accounted for; less so in ruminants
-most ends up in feces and impacts water quantity
Do fats and oils have minerals?
No
What are effects from minerals?
-digestibility and availability important consideration for supplementing minerals
What are examples of how minerals effect things?
-magnesium as magnesite
-iron as ferric oxide
-selenium from inorganic sources is lass available than from plant sources
What is one way to enhance availability?
-Chelation
How does Chelation enhance availability?
-binding a mineral atom in an organic complex (hemoglobin)
-trying to prevent formation of inorganic salts during digestion that have poor digestibility
What are sources of vitamins?
-many feedstuff contain vitamins depending on vitamin type
-Fat soluble vitamins
-Water soluble vitamins
What can degrade vitamins in feedstuff?
-heat
-sun
How can animals get fat soluble vitamins?
-fat containing feedstuff
-most can be acquired in good quantities from feedstuff
-if can’t get through feedstuff can get through supplements
How can animals get water soluble vitamins?
-feedstuff
-some supplements prepared from yeast or animal products
-synthetically synthesized in some cases
-animal and fish products are good sources
What are the types of grain processing?
-cold vs hit
-dry vs wet
How can feed be processed?
-physical
-chemical
-thermal
-bacterial
What does grain processing improve?
-Digestibility
-Nutrient isolation
-Palatability
-Detoxify
-Improving handling and mixing
When do grains get processed?
-At harvest
-After harvest
-Immediately before feeding
What are the categories of processing?
-Temperature differences: cold vs hot
-Addition of moisture: dry vs wet
What are the different types of cold processing?
-roller mill vs hammermill grinding
-soaking grain/reconstitution
-High-moisture grain (at harvest)
What are the types of grinding?
-roller mills
-hammermills
What does roller mills do?
-compress grain between rollers (smooth or corrugated)
-Adjust for particle size from cracked to fine powder
-less dust produced
What does hammermills do?
-Rotating bars break grain till fits through a screen
-takes whole cornels and breaks them down
-can also be used for forages
-produces dust
What does the size of the grind dpend on in hammermills?
-screen opening size
What does grinding down into smaller pieces do?
-increase digestibility
What does corrugated mean?
teeth
Is roller or hammer preferred and why?
-roller
-less dust produced
What does the cold wet method involve?
-soaking grains
-reconstitution
What does the soaking stage of the cold wet method involve?
-soaking for 12-24 hours
-softens, increase palatability
-handling, preparation system all limits use (as well as no performance improvement)
What does the reconstitution stage of the cold wet method involve?
-soaking to raise water content to 25-30%
-Storage in anaerobic condition
-especially helpful with grain sorghum that has limited digestibility in dry ground form
-trying to raise water content
-improve digestibility especially in southern states
How is high-moisture grain harvested? preserved?
-harvested at 20-35% moisture
-ensiled (fermented) for preservation
When is ensiling high-moisture grain a good option? what is the most common type?
-good option in cases where drying prior to grain harvest isn’t possible
-most common is high-moisture corn
What are the types of hot processing?
-steam rolled or flaked grain
-pelleting
-popping and micronizing
-extrusion
What is steam rolling?
-passing stem through the roller mill during rolling
-short application of stem (3-5’) prior to rolling
-limited evidence of performance improvement but helps produce larger particles
What is steam flaking?
-steam raises moisture to 18-20%
-rolled to produce a think flake
-thin flakes improver performance of animals
-increase availability
What does steam rolling and flaking both do?
-expose more surface for digestion
What is pelleting?
-ground feed subjected to stem before compression to produce a pellet
-control of diameter and hardness
-often more palatable than ground meal
-sometimes easier handling
What can pelleting prevent?
sorting (picky eaters)
What is popping and micronizing?
-exposure to high heat causes sudden expansion of seeds that ruptures them (think popcorn)
-density is greatly reduced and grains can be rolled to increase density but maintain greater starch surface area
How is micronizing different from popping?
-micronizing is similar to popping but heat is provided by infrared energy
When is extrusion most commonly applied to?
-more common with pet foods than with production animal feeds
What is extrusion?
-uses a spiral screw press
-grain or mixture is forced through a tapered head
-pressure and grinding and heat
-produces ribbonlike product
(ex. cheese puffs)
What are the steps of extrusion?
- feed ingredients through grinder
- Preconditioner (heat/steam) in mixer
- extruder (heat and pressure)
- dryer/cooler
- weighting
- labeling/packaging
