Test 3 Material Flashcards
What are the feedstuff categories?
-Concentrates
-Forages
-Supplements
-Byproducts
-Non-nutritive feed additives
What is typically the most nutritious part of a forage feedstuff?
Leaves
Fiber digestibility has a(n) ___ relationship with energy availability.
Direct
What acids are produce that preserve stored silages?
-Lactic
-Acetic
What is grinding?
Reducing particle size
What is pelleting?
Steam and compression
What is steam flaking?
Rolling under heat and moisture
What is extrusion?
Spiral screw pressure and grinding under heat
The concentration of ____ impacts fiber digestibility for forage feedstuffs. The concentration of this component ____ with plant maturity.
-Lignin
-Increases
What is true about forage nutritive value?
-Increasing plant maturity decreases nutritive value
-Greater leaf:stem ratio means higher nutritive value
The inclusion of beet pulp in the diet will increase the density of:
Energy
Which concentrate would be the best choice to replace soybean meal with?
Canola meal
What are examples of high moisture forage feedstuffs?
-green chop
-Silage
What are examples of legume forage feedstuffs?
-Clover haylage
-Alfalfa hay
What does the reticulum do?
-Collection of hardware
-Retains larger particles
-aid in movement of food into rumen or omasum
-reguration of bolus for rumination
What does the rumen do?
-Anaerobic fermentation
-mixing of contents
-Absorption of VFA and NHs through the rumen wall
What does the omasum do?
-Particle size reduction and dehydration
-water absorption
What does the abomasum do?
-Glandular stomach
-mucus, HCL, enzymes secreted to initiate digestion
Which substrate in the rumen promotes longer rumination time?
Fibrous material
___ is the process by which ruminants regurgitate, remasticate, reensailvate, and reswallow a blous to improve digestion.
Ruminantion
___ is the process by which ruminants release gas produces during fermentation in the rumen.
Eructation
What exists in neonatal ruminants that does not exist in mature ruminants?
Esophageal groove
What are ruminant bacteria classified by?
Substrate
Of the following, which carbohydrate would be the first choice of microbes for fermentation? Hemicellulose, Pectin, Cellulose, or Starch?
Starch
Which VFA is produced most abundantly in the rumen?
Acetate
Ruminants always need supplementary protein because they cannot meet all amino acid requirements from microbial protein. True or False?
False
What is true about ionophores?
-Reduces deamination
-Decreases methane production
-Improves efficiency
What type of diet promotes better rumen development in young ruminants?
Milk and Grain
Which stomach compartment in ruminants has similar functions to the stomach in simple stomach animals (monogastric):
Abomasum
In normal conditions, which gas is predominant in the rumen environment?
CO2
Fermentation results in the production of ___, that are absorbed in the ___ and metabolized.
-VFA
-rumen
Feed protein from plant sources is mostly (degradable or undegradable) in the rumen.
Degradable
Microbial protein synthesis is an energy (independent / dependent) process.
Dependent
Which ruminant stomach compartment is dominant (by volume) during the first month of life:
Abomasum
Increasing the amount of dietary fiber causes a ___ of passage in the rumen, and that can ___ rumen degraded protein.
-Lower
-Increase
What can be used as a potential substrate for gluconeogenesis?
-Amino acid
-Propionate
What are examples of irreversible step in gluconeogenesis?
-Glucose 6-phosphatase
-Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
-Pyruvate carboxylase
-fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
The amount of fiber within a species’ typical diet is ___ related to the complexity of their digestive tract. Further, the digestibility of the diet is ___ related to the complexity of the digestive tract.
-Directly
-Indirectly
What product of fermentation can differ between ruminants and non-ruminants?
Methane
Supplemental enzymes should be incorporated into all animal diets to improve nutrient digestibility. True or False?
False
What hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis?
Insulin
where does most fermentation occur in non-ruminants?
Large intestine
What are some things related to phytates?
-increased excretion of phosphorus in manure
-decreased bioavailability of minerals
The use of ___ in diets can slightly improve protein digestion and decrease the inclusion of phosphorous from inorganic sources.
Phytase
Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme required to convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate during gluconeogenesis. True or False?
False
Diet influences the development of the rumen papillae in young ruminants. Feeding ___ when transitioning from a milk diet is most effective in developing rumen papillae because of the ___ production.
-Grain
-VFA production
What can be fermented in the rumen?
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins and amino acids
What can be considered in crude protein for a ruminant?
-rumen degradable protein
-Urea
-Ammonia
-Rumen undegradable protein
Rumen-undegradable protein will be digested in what organ?
Small intestine
What are characteristics of the rumen?
-Large holding capacity
-Low oxygen environment
-Constant supply of substrates
Non-protein nitrogen only comes from the diet. True or False?
False
Out of Pectin, Starch, Cellulose, and Sugar which has the slowest fermentation rate in the rumen?
Cellulose
What can be included in the ruminant diet to modify the bacteria population and fermentation?
Ionophores
What is rumination?
The process by which a ruminant regurgitates previously ingested food from the rumen, rechews it, reensalivates it, and reswallows it.
What is a bolus?
A mass of partially digested food that is regurgitated.
What is eructation?
The act of belching or expelling gas from the rumen.
What is fermentation?
The microbial breakdown of ingested feed in the rumen.
The fiber digestibility estimate used in Total Digestible Nutrients incorporates the difference between fiber types. True or False
False
What has improved digestion as a result of including Xylanase in the diet?
Hemicellulose
The presence of phytase in animals’ diets could ___ mineral chelation, resulting in ___ mineral bioavailability.
-Reduce
-Greater
What are products of bacteria fermentation in the digestive tract of a horse?
-CO2
-Propionate
-H2
-Acetate
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated when glucose is in ___ concentrations in the blood, and also with increased levels of ___.
-Low
-Cortisol
A growing dog weighs 15 kg and is eating 200 g per day. Its protein requirements is 23.3 g per day. Ising rice containing 8.9% protein and meat meal containing 54.5% protein, calculate the amount of meat meal to mix with rice to supply the daily protein required.
12.1 g
You are preparing a bulk feed mix for ducks containing corn with 3350 kcal/kg and canola meal with 2000 kcal/kg. The mix should be 100 kg total and contain 290,000 kcal total. How much corn will be mixed with the canola meal to prepare the ration?
66.7 kg
The complexity of the digestive tract is directly related to the concentration of ___ in the diet. That makes the digestive tract more complex in a pig than in a (cow/dog).
-Fiber
-Dog
Which of the following options is considered a limitation on the lipid fraction (ether extract) of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)? It includes ___ that isn’t contributing lipid energy.
Pigments
After 8 hours from the last meal, the metabolism of a pig starts relying more on ___ to supply energy to the body.
Gluconeogenesis
What are examples of grasses?
-Fescue
-Bermuda
-Brome
What are examples of Legumes?
-Clover
-Alfalfa
If you wanted to add a forage to a diet to increase the protein concentration of the diet, which of the following would you chose? Grass hay, Corn silage, alfalfa hay, and soybean meal?
Alfalfa hay
If you need to increase the energy density (concentration) of a diet, which would you choose to include? Wheat straw, meat meal, barley, or soybean hulls.
Barley
Feed processing is important for improving feeds in many ways. An example of a cold, dry process would be ___ whereas a cold, wet process would be ___. Hot processing methods are also possible. An example of a hot, dry process would be ___ while a hot wet method would be ___.
-Rollermilll grinding
-Reconstitution
-Popping
-Pelleting
If you need to increase the protein concentration of a diet, which feedstuff would you include? Corn, Grain sorghum, cottonseed, or oats?
Cottonseed
Discuss how ruminant lactation influences the form of protein (i.e. degradability) needed to be supplied to the animal and why.
-Ruminants do not necessarily require rumen-undegradable protein supplementation.
-The microbial protein provides sufficient amino acid supply to satisfy requirements.
-However, animals with greater production of milk will have greater amino acid requirements.
-Rumen-undegradable protein or rumen-protected protein will likely need to be supplied to bypass rumen modification and usage and directly supply the animal with protein for additional amino acid absorption.
Explain how digesta flows through the compartments of the ruminant stomach and what happens to the contents through each compartment.
-Reticulum: retainment of hardware and large particles
-Rumen: attached to the reticulum, large holding capacity with the microbial fermentation of carbs and amino acids
-Omasum: water absorption and particle size reduction
-Abomasum: glandular stomach containing lipases and peptidases to begin the break down of polypeptides and triglycerides in preparation for small intestine
Describe two differences between the digestive tract of a dog and a horse. Explain in detail what factors influence those differences.
-Size (capacity)
-Complexity of hindgut
-Horse diets are less digestible and need more retention, while dogs normally have a highly digestible diet, which doesn’t demand long retention of the feed.
Discuss the products of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen and their fates.
-Product: VFA
-get acetate, propionate, and butyrate and they are absorbed thought the rumen wall and used for energy
Explain in detail why sources of organic phosphorus from feeds have a lower bioavailability of P and can decrease the digestibility of some minerals in monogastric or simple-stomached species. What are two strategies that could be used to fix this problem or overcome it and meet the requirements for P?
-Organic source of P has a big proportion of this P present as phytate. Phytate is poorly digestible for animals, decreasing the bioavailability of P.
-Phytate can form chelates with minerals, decreasing the mineral bioavailability.
-Inclusion of inorganic source of P
-Feeding phytase, to break down phytate bonds and release P.
Your flock needs a ration and you have several feedstuffs to choose from. Your choices include a very mature hay that was harvested late and hay that was harvested early and was very immature when baled. In working on the ration, you need to increase the energy density to meet requirements.
-To increase the energy density of the diet using the hay, which would you choose and why?
To increase energy using hay, use the less mature hay. It is less lignified and therefore more digestible and will have more energy than the mature hay.
Your flock needs a ration and you have several feedstuffs to choose from. Your choices include a very mature hay that was harvested late and hay that was harvested early and was very immature when baled. In working on the ration, you need to increase the energy density to meet requirements.
-What would you expect the relative levels of NDF and ADF to be in these two hays and why?
The NDF and ADF of the less mature hay will be lower than the more mature hay because it will have less cell wall and fiber than the more mature hay.
Your flock needs a ration and you have several feedstuffs to choose from. Your choices include a very mature hay that was harvested late and hay that was harvested early and was very immature when baled. In working on the ration, you need to increase the energy density to meet requirements.
-Contrast the expect passage rates of the two hays - which will be faster and which will be slower?
The less mature hay will have a faster passage rate than the more mature hay.
Energy concentrate characteristics.
-increase energy density
-high calorie because comes from fats and carbohydrates
Energy concentrate examples.
-Cereal grains
-Distillery byproducts
-Molasses
Protein concentrate characteristics.
-Animal origin and Plant origin: Plant source are most important
-high in crude protein
Protein concentrate animal origin examples.
-meat, blood, and bone meal
-poultry byproducts
-milk byproducts
-fish
Protein concentrate plant origin examples.
-oilseeds
-soybean meal
-cottonseed meal
What is the purpose of feed processing?
-improve digestibility (most important)
-isolate nutrients
-improve palatability
-Detoxify
-improve handling and mixing
What are the major microbes of the rumen and what they do?
-Bacteria: digest and ferment feed
-Protozoa: slow rate of pH decline, eat bacteria, and help ferment starch, sugar, pectin and hemicellulose
-Fungi: degrade cellulose and polysaccharides
Describe the fermentation substrates and products produced in the rumen.
-Substrate: amino acids and carbohydrates
-Products: butyrate, propionate, and acetate
-Byproducts: CO2, H2, H2O, and CH4 (methane)
Explain rumen Nitrogen Recycling.
-Ammonia converted to Urea in the liver
-non protein nitrogen Urea converted by bacteria to ammonia and CO2 in rumen
-bacteria use ammonia to make microbial protein
What is gluconeogenesis?
Make glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What are the substrates of gluconeogenesis?
-Amino acids
-Propionate
What does Glucose 6-phosphatase convert?
removes the phosphate group to liberate free glucose
What does Pyruvate carboxylase convert?
carboxylates pyruvate to oxaloacetate
What does Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase convert?
converts oxalacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
What does Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase convert?
removes 1 phosphate group from fructose-1,6-biphosphate
What do proteases do?
-enhance protein hydrolysis
-support amino acid availability
What is part of the nitrogen-free extract in TDN?
-carbs
-crude fiber
-represents non-fiber carbs and fiber
What is part of the ether extract of TDN?
-lipids
-captures fats and non-nutritive lipids (pigments)
-x2.25 to reflect the energy density of fats
What is NDF?
-fiber in a feed
-residue of cell wall
-highly digestible
-high NDF, High fermentation
Wha is ADF?
-poor digestion
-cell wall minus hemicellulose
-retain lignin and cellulose
