Vitamins Flashcards
Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
ADEK
Name the site for storage for fat-soluble vitamins
Liver
Why it is uncommon for water soluble vitamin to have hypervitaminosis
Excess are removed by excretion
Name the 4 VitaminA derivative
Beta-carotene, Retinal, Retinoic acid, isotretinoin
What is the chemical name for Vitamin A
Retinol
What is the function for Beta-carotene
As anti-oxidant
What is the function of Retinal
To make rhodopsin
What is the funciton of retinoic acid
A nuclear hormone that binds to TF and contributes to proper differentiation of epithelial cells
Name the problems for hypovitaminosis A
Night blindess (As there is a lack of rhodopsin in Rod cell)
Keratomalacia (As vitamin A affects the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells, its deficiency produces defective epithelialisation and corneal softening and opacity[clouding])
Permanent blindness
Growth impediment, impair wound healing
What is the problem for hypervitaminosis A
liver toxicity, birth defects of infants
What is the chemical name for Vitamin D
cholecalciferol
What is the form that converted to vitamin D under UV
7-dehydrocholecalciferol
What is the form of vitamin D in diet
cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol
What is the form of Vitamin D for storage
25-hydroxylcholecalciferol
What is the active form of Vitamin D and where is it formed
1,25-dihydroxylcholecalciferol in KIdney
What is the function of Vitamin D
To maintain calcium level when plasma calcium level drops
What is the cause of hypovitaminosis D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight
Disruption of lipid absorption
Inadequate dietary intake
Poor liver and kidney function
Hypoparathyoidism
What are the problems of hypovitaminosis D
Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
What is the problem of hypervitaminosis D
Hypercalcemia, deposition of Calcium in organs like kidneys and arteries and hypercalciuria that forms kidney stone
What is the function of Vitamin E
As Antioxidant
Can vitamin E supplement to prevent chronic disease as clinical trials?
Not advisable as clinical trials show disappointing
Name the process that Vitamin K involves
Blood clotting
What is the form of Vitamin K in diet
phylloquinone
What is the active form of Vitamin K in diet
hydroquinone
What is vitamin K a cofactor of
gamma-carboxylation (converting specific glutamate residues to gamma carboxyglutamate residues, ie mature clotting factor)
What drug stops the conversion from phylloquinone to hydroquinone
Warfarin
Other than poor lipid absorption, name 2 factors that contributes to hypovitaminosis K
Absence of gut bacteria producing vitamin D, Anticoagulation drugs taken
Name a consequence for hypovitaminosis D
being suspectile to bleeding and bruising , possible anaemic, weak, present with no bleeding and bleeding gum, heavy menstrual bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding
Why newborn infant has no vitamin K
It has a sterile gut
What is the cause and effect of hypervitaminosis K
By prolonged overdose of menadione(Synthesis Vitamin K) can lead to Vitamin K and haemolytic anaemia
What are the common names for B1,B2, B3,B5, B6, B7, B9, B12
thiamine,, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic Acid, Cobalamin
Name the Vitamin that act as coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Thiamine (B1)
Name the problem of Hypovitaminosis B1
beriberi (polished rice as main diet), seen association with chronic alcoholism
Name the 2 compounds that Vitamin B2 forms
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD( (Flavin adenine Dinucleotide)
What is the function of FAD
coenzyme of succinate dehydrogenase/complex II; acyl CoA dehydrogenase; retinal dehydrogenase; NADH dehydrogenase/complex I.
Name the compound that Niacin (Vitamin B3) forms
NAD+
What is the fate after insufficient B3
Dermantitis,Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
What does Pantothenic acid form
CoA
What does Pyridoxine deficiency cause
anaemia and neurological symptoms
What is the funciton of Vitamin B6
As CoEnyzmes for a variety of enzymes
What is Biotin the coenzyme for
synthesis of fat, glycogen, amino acid
What can cause Biotin deficiency
Eating Raw eggs
What type of metabolism does Folic acid plays a key role in
one-carbon metablosim
What is Reduced Folate called and what does it transfer the one-carbon fragments recieved from donors to
Tetrahydrofolate. Intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines and TMP (a type of pyramidine in DNA)
Name the deficiency disease for B9 and B12 and why
Megablastic Anaemia. Cells fail to make DNA HENCE cannot divide.
What is the function of Cobalamine
It converts Folic Acid to its reduced form
What is the function of Vitamin C
As antioxidant and reducing agent that keep Fe2+ at it’s state
How does Hypovitaminosis C causes problem in connective tissues
Deificiency in hydrolyation of Collagen
What can hypervitaminosis C cause
Formation of renal oxalate stone
