Vitamins

Question 1

Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

ADEK

Question 2

Name the site for storage for fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Why it is uncommon for water soluble vitamin to have hypervitaminosis

Answer 3

Excess are removed by excretion

Question 4

Name the 4 VitaminA derivative

Answer 4

Beta-carotene, Retinal, Retinoic acid, isotretinoin

Question 5

What is the chemical name for Vitamin A

Answer 5

Retinol

Question 6

What is the function for Beta-carotene

Answer 6

As anti-oxidant

Question 7

What is the function of Retinal

Answer 7

To make rhodopsin

Question 8

What is the funciton of retinoic acid

Answer 8

A nuclear hormone that binds to TF and contributes to proper differentiation of epithelial cells

Question 9

Name the problems for hypovitaminosis A

Answer 9

Night blindess (As there is a lack of rhodopsin in Rod cell)

Keratomalacia (As vitamin A affects the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells, its deficiency produces defective epithelialisation and corneal softening and opacity[clouding])

Permanent blindness

Growth impediment, impair wound healing

Question 10

What is the problem for hypervitaminosis A

Answer 10

liver toxicity, birth defects of infants

Question 11

What is the chemical name for Vitamin D

Answer 11

cholecalciferol

Question 12

What is the form that converted to vitamin D under UV

Answer 12

7-dehydrocholecalciferol

Question 13

What is the form of vitamin D in diet

Answer 13

cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol

Question 14

What is the form of Vitamin D for storage

Answer 14

25-hydroxylcholecalciferol

Question 15

What is the active form of Vitamin D and where is it formed

Answer 15

1,25-dihydroxylcholecalciferol in KIdney

Question 16

What is the function of Vitamin D

Answer 16

To maintain calcium level when plasma calcium level drops

Question 17

What is the cause of hypovitaminosis D

Answer 17

Inadequate exposure to sunlight
Disruption of lipid absorption
Inadequate dietary intake
Poor liver and kidney function
Hypoparathyoidism

Question 18

What are the problems of hypovitaminosis D

Answer 18

Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

Question 19

What is the problem of hypervitaminosis D

Answer 19

Hypercalcemia, deposition of Calcium in organs like kidneys and arteries and hypercalciuria that forms kidney stone

Question 20

What is the function of Vitamin E

Answer 20

As Antioxidant

Question 21

Can vitamin E supplement to prevent chronic disease as clinical trials?

Answer 21

Not advisable as clinical trials show disappointing

Question 22

Name the process that Vitamin K involves

Answer 22

Blood clotting

Question 23

What is the form of Vitamin K in diet

Answer 23

phylloquinone

Question 24

What is the active form of Vitamin K in diet

Answer 24

hydroquinone

Question 25

What is vitamin K a cofactor of

Answer 25

gamma-carboxylation (converting specific glutamate residues to gamma carboxyglutamate residues, ie mature clotting factor)

Question 26

What drug stops the conversion from phylloquinone to hydroquinone

Answer 26

Warfarin

Question 27

Other than poor lipid absorption, name 2 factors that contributes to hypovitaminosis K

Answer 27

Absence of gut bacteria producing vitamin D, Anticoagulation drugs taken

Question 28

Name a consequence for hypovitaminosis D

Answer 28

being suspectile to bleeding and bruising , possible anaemic, weak, present with no bleeding and bleeding gum, heavy menstrual bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding

Question 29

Why newborn infant has no vitamin K

Answer 29

It has a sterile gut

Question 30

What is the cause and effect of hypervitaminosis K

Answer 30

By prolonged overdose of menadione(Synthesis Vitamin K) can lead to Vitamin K and haemolytic anaemia

Question 31

What are the common names for B1,B2, B3,B5, B6, B7, B9, B12

Answer 31

thiamine,, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic Acid, Cobalamin

Question 32

Name the Vitamin that act as coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Answer 32

Thiamine (B1)

Question 33

Name the problem of Hypovitaminosis B1

Answer 33

beriberi (polished rice as main diet), seen association with chronic alcoholism

Question 34

Name the 2 compounds that Vitamin B2 forms

Answer 34

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD( (Flavin adenine Dinucleotide)

Question 35

What is the function of FAD

Answer 35

coenzyme of succinate dehydrogenase/complex II; acyl CoA dehydrogenase; retinal dehydrogenase; NADH dehydrogenase/complex I.

Question 36

Name the compound that Niacin (Vitamin B3) forms

Answer 36

NAD+

Question 37

What is the fate after insufficient B3

Answer 37

Dermantitis,Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

Question 38

What does Pantothenic acid form

Answer 38

CoA

Question 39

What does Pyridoxine deficiency cause

Answer 39

anaemia and neurological symptoms

Question 40

What is the funciton of Vitamin B6

Answer 40

As CoEnyzmes for a variety of enzymes

Question 41

What is Biotin the coenzyme for

Answer 41

synthesis of fat, glycogen, amino acid

Question 42

What can cause Biotin deficiency

Answer 42

Eating Raw eggs

Question 43

What type of metabolism does Folic acid plays a key role in

Answer 43

one-carbon metablosim

Question 44

What is Reduced Folate called and what does it transfer the one-carbon fragments recieved from donors to

Answer 44

Tetrahydrofolate. Intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines and TMP (a type of pyramidine in DNA)

Question 45

Name the deficiency disease for B9 and B12 and why

Answer 45

Megablastic Anaemia. Cells fail to make DNA HENCE cannot divide.

Question 46

What is the function of Cobalamine

Answer 46

It converts Folic Acid to its reduced form

Question 47

What is the function of Vitamin C

Answer 47

As antioxidant and reducing agent that keep Fe2+ at it's state

Question 48

How does Hypovitaminosis C causes problem in connective tissues

Answer 48

Deificiency in hydrolyation of Collagen

Question 49

What can hypervitaminosis C cause

Answer 49

Formation of renal oxalate stone