Metabolism of macromolecules Flashcards
What is the minimal carbon number for carbs
3
What is the bond existing in cellulose, glycogen, amylose and amylopectin respectively
beta-1,4-glycosidic; alpha-1,4-glycosidic& alpha-1,6-glycosidic; alpha-1,4-glycosidic; alpha-1,4-glycosidic & alpha-1,6-glycosidic
What is the product of Amylose degradation and amylopectin degradation
glucose, Maltose and maltotriose; alpha-limiting dextrins (polysachharide then into maltose)
What does the pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylose break
Alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds
Which protein is responsible for the cleavage of most carbs
glycosidases
Where are glycosidase located
On the brush border of enterocytes
How is glucose uptaken into enterocytes
It is uptaken via Na/Glucose transporter 1(SGLT1) against conc gradient by coupling it’s transport to that of Na+, then into blood at basolateral plane via GLUT2
Why fructose uptake is less effective
It is because the uptake of fructose is via GLUT5 hence it has no coupling effect of Na+ uptake.
Suggest, what are the 2 phases in Glycolysis
Energy investment phase and energy generation phase
Name the intermediates for glycolysis
Glucose 6-P, Fructose 6-P, Fructose-1,6-bisP, Pyruvate
Name the antagonist reaction for glycolysis
Gluconegenesis
When will anaerobic glycolysis take place
When there is insufficient oxygen
How is lactate transported out of the cell
Via monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)
How to let lactate re enter respiration
Lactate +NAD+ –> Pyruvate + NADH +H+
Is there any carbohydrate that the body cannot synthesis but is necessary
No (All can be derived from glycogen)
Name a compound that can be synthesized by glucose that has reducing power
NADPH
Name a compound that is synthezied from glucose that involves in RNA production
ribose-5-phosphate
What is the test usually done in Hospital that requires appointment to assess body’s response towards Glucose challenge. Suggest the 3 procedures
OGTT, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
- Fast for 8h and withdraw blood
- Patient drink a glucose solution with glucose amount= (17.4g/kg of body mass)
- Withdraw blood In regular interval (30min) until 2h past the drinking of solution
Suggest should be avoided 3 days before OGTT
Alcohol, unnecessary drugs, Too much/Too little bed rest, salicylates, diuretics, anticonvulsants, fever (??)
Suggest how BGL can be determined by blood sample
- Glucose is oxidized by glucose oxidase to form gluconic acid and Hydrogen peroxide
- Hydrogen peroxide is split into water and oxygen by peroxidase
- Oxygen oxidizes o-dianisidine from colourless to brown
Suggest the term that describes being freezed and dried
lyophilized
What are the 7 types of fat
Bile salt,
Eicosanoids (Arachidonic Acid derivates, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins)
Steroids
Triacylglycerol
Phospholipids
Vitamins (ADEK)
Cholesterol
Why cis unsaturated fatty acids are good
They have C=C ,which can make it kink
Name the first site of fat digestion, the enzyme and the product
Stomach, Lingual Lipase and Human Gastric Lipase, diacylglycerol
Name the 2 hormone that involves in lipid digestion and their function
Cholecytostokinin: stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas to squeeze to release bile and pancreatic juice respectively
Secretin stimulates to release of NaHCO3 by pancreas and inhibits the secretion of gastric juice to raise intestinal pH
What is the main site of lipid digestion and the names
intestine. Colipase, pancreatic lipase, etc