Bacteria Flashcards
What is the infection chain consists of
Host
–> Reservior
–> port of Exit
–> Mode of transport
–> Port of Entry
–> Suspectible Host
Name 4 pathogenic mechanism
Direct invasion into host, multiplication and damage
Production of toxin
Immunopathology
Oncogenesis
What does the outcome of host-pathogen interaction is dependent on?
characteristics of both the pathogen and the host
What does the cytoplasm of a bacteria includes
Nucleoid, plasmids, Ribosomes
What is covering the cytoplasm and what is outside of the stuff aforementioned
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cell Wall
What can be outside of the cell wall
Capsule, Pili/ Fimbriae, fragella, etc
What is pili for
Fragella
For Attachment and transfer of Plasmid
For motility
What is the component of cell wall
Peptidoglycan
What is endospore for
It is present in mainly what type of bacteria
What do we do the remove them
What is their appearance under Gram stain
Adapting to environment as it is resistant to heat, radiation and chemicals
Gram-positive bacteria
Wash hand with soap
Empty cell
What is the structural difference betweeen gram positive and gram niggative bacteria which contributes to the colour change in the result for Gram test
The thickness of peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram positive has thicker cell wall hence can hold more stain to appear violet
While gram niggative bacteria has thinner cell wall after washed by alcohol which degrade the outer membrane hence holds less gram stain and holds the counter stain to appear pink
Name a structure unqiue for gram niggative bacteria
What is it made of
Why does it bring clinical complications
Outer membrane
Lipid, polysaccharide, lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide
It reduce the permeability of cell wall to antibiotics
How do we classify bacteria according to their oxygen requirement
Strictly aerobic (Must have oxygen)
Facultatively anaerobic (Mainly use aerobic respiration, but can use anaerobic respiration if needed)
Strictly anaerobic (Must have no oxygen)
Microaerophilic (Need low Oxygen and elevated CO2)
For gram positive bacteria
How do we describe if it is spherical shape
How do we describe if it is spore forming rod
How do we describe if the balls are diploid
How do we describe if the balls are in chain
How do we describe if the balls are in 4
How do we describe if the balls have a lot of them
Coccus
Bacillus
diplococci
streptococcus
Tetrad
Cluster
What is the test to different among coccus bacterium
What is the positive result
What is the name of the bacteria which gives positive result
What is the name of bacteria which gives negative result
Catalase test
Formation of Colourless gas bubbles when mixed with Hydrogen peroxide
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
How to differentiate among staphylococcus bacterium
What are the 2 types of the test.
What are they reacting with to form what
What are the pros and cons
What is the positive result
What is the bacteria giving Positive result
What is the bacteria giving negative result
Coagulase test
Slide test
Fibrinogen to form fibril
Quick (~10s), but can give false negative
Tube test
prothrombin
Definitive, but takes up to 24 hours
Formation of any clot
Staphylococci aureus
Staphylococci Epidermidis
Staphylococci Saprophyticus
What is S. epidermidis
Part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota (commensal / normal flora).
*
Adheres to prosthetic devices, e.g., implants, catheters.
*
Causes prosthesis-associated infections.
What is the clinical complication of S. saprophyticus
Acute Cystitis in young woman
What is the appearance of S aureus under Blood agar
What is responsible for the colour
What is it’s function
Golden yellow colonies
Staphyloxanthin
Protect it toxic oxygen radicals
What aids S aureus for
Attachment
Evasion of host defense
Invasion
Toxins
Teichoic acid
Protein A, catalase, coagulase
Protease, hydluronidase, lipase, DNase
Haemolysins
Epidermolytics toxins
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxins
Enterotoxins
Panton-Valentine leucocidin
What does Protein A of S aureus
inhibits opsonophagocytosis and induces B cell death
** Opsonophagocytosis= Phagocytosis of pathogens opsonized with antibodies and/or complement proteins.
What does
Haemolytic toxins (also name what type is it)
Toxic shock Syndrome toxin
Enterotoxins
Panton-Valentine leucocidin
Cause
Damage erythrocytes lymphocytes, monocytes (α-haemolysin)
staphylococcal scalded (燙傷) skin syndrome
staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning
Dermonecrosis (necrosis of skin)