Neoplasia Flashcards
What is the definition of neoplasia
An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is UNCOORDINATED
with that of normal tissues
and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoke the change
How can u identify Neoplasia
-Loss of response to normal growth control mechanisms
- Continued proliferation even without a recognizable stimulus
- Loss of differentiation (especially for malignant neoplasm)
- Aberrant differentiation function (especially for malignant neoplasm)
- Expression of ‘embryonal’ characteristics (especially for malignant neoplasm)
Embryonic development is somehow similar to neoplasia in some way
How are they similar
How are they different
Both have rapid growth and are mitotic figures
Embryonic development is coordinated
What is hypertrophy
What is Hyperplasia
How are they different from neoplasia
Hypertrophy= Increase in size of cell (Muscle in response to exercise)
Hyperplasia= Increase in number of cell (uterine muscle in respoonse to pregnancy
They are cordianted and Reversible hence different from neoplasia
What are the difference between a benign and a maligant neoplasia in terms of their ability to invade
Benign is expansive yet limited by Basement membrane
malignant is infiltrative and expansive, and they can invade BEYOND Basement membrane
What are the difference in gross appearance between a benign and a malignant neoplasia
Benign is circumscribed and encapsulated
Malignant has a poorly defined margin
What are differences between benign and malignant neoplasia in terms of their rate of growth
Benign is slow and may cease
Malignant is fast, and it is common for it to outgrow it’s blood vessel supply to cause irregular necrosis
If a tumour has crab-foot like extensions, do u think it is benign or malignant
Malignant
How can benign and malignant neoplasia be classified according to microscopic appearance (6 difference)
Benign has
–> Normochromatic nuclei
–> Low Nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
-> well-differentiated and it closely resembles tissue of origin
–> It has regular cell shape
–> Mitosis is absent or scanty
–> It has mild architectural disturbance and with maintained polarity (ie they grow toward the same side)
Malignant is
–> Hyperchromatic nuclei
–> High nuclei-to-cytoplasm ratio
(The cytoplasm is small as it contains protien for function)
(The nuclei is enlarged due to replication, expression and division)
–> It has vary degree of differentiation (well/poor)
–> It shows cellular pleomorphism (Variation in size and shape of nucleus and overall cell)
–> It is active mitosis and there are abnormal mitosis (Indicated by tripolar or multipolar spindles)
–> it has lost the polarity and with marked architectural disturbance
Why the malignant neoplasia exhibits genetic instability
The nuclear sizes are irregular,
and the abnormal alignment of chromatin leads to unequal division of genetic materials in mitosis
For benign neoplasia,
What is meant by the term Polarity
What are the 2 situations called when benign tumour grows to increase the surface area
Polarity means they grow towards the same side
Grow outward to form papillary lesion: Papilloma
Invaginated: Adenoma
If a malignant cancer occurs at the epithelium, what will it usually do
Grows into the connective tissue and invade through the basement membrane
What is meant by the term differentiation
In embryonic development
And in neoplasia
It means the cell becomes specific cell types that performs specific functions
It means the cell resembles the tissue it originates both morphologically and functionally
What is the difference between the carcinoma and sarcoma in terms of the tissue they invade and the way they spread
Carcinoma: Epithelial . Spread by lymphatics
Sarcoma: Connective Tissue: Spread by blood
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At epithelium
Papilloma
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Fibrous tissue
Fibroma
Fibrosarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Bone
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma (aka osteogenic sarcoma)
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Fat
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Cartilage
Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Smooth muscle
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Striated muscle
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At blood vessel
Haemangloma
Angiosarcoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Nervous tissue
Benign: Nil
Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At trophoblast
Hydatidiform mole
Chorion carcinoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Totipotent cell of Embryonic tissue
Benign Teratoma
Malignant Teratoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Pluripotent cell
Benign: Nil
Malignant:
Nephroblastoma
Hepatoblastoma
What is the term for
Benign
Malignant
At Unipotent cell
Benign: Ganglioneuroma
Malignant
Medulloblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Neuroblastoma (Sympathetic nerve)
What is dysplasia
It has cellular change similar to malignant neoplasia but there is no evidence of invasion and actual tumour formation