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MBBS IASM > Healing > Flashcards

Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps of tissue response to injury

A

Acute inflammation (transient inciting stimulus)

Demolition (removal)

Healing/repair

Resolution

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2
Q

What is repair

What is the end product formed

A

It means replacement of lost tissue with granulation tissue

It finally matures to form fibrous tissue (scar)

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3
Q

What are the component of granulation tissue

A

Proliferating capillaries

Macrophages

Fibroblast, myofibroblast

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4
Q

What is regeneration

A

Replacement of the damaged tissue with similar tissue type, and invovles proliferation of neighbouring undamaged specialized cells

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5
Q

How can we classify cells according to their regenerative capacity

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent

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6
Q

What stage are the stable cells always at

A

G0 phase

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7
Q

What are the steps for Wound healing

A

⎼Migration and regeneration of parenchymal cells (functional cell)
⎼Migration and proliferation of connective tissue cells
⎼Synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins
⎼Remodeling of connective tissue and
parenchyma
⎼Collagenization and acquisition of wound
strength

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8
Q

What are the growth factors released to aid wound healing

A

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)
—-> Grow new vessels

 Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)
 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
 mitogenesis e.g. EGF

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9
Q

What is the Cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction

A

cells capable of regenerating, stop proliferating after the defect caused by injury has been healed

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10
Q

What are the details in Extracellular matrix synthesis and collagenization

A

–> fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix components
–> proteoglycans, type III collagen

–> this is eventually replaced by type I collagen to form a permanent scar

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11
Q

What are the details of Skin Wounds

A

–Formation of “scab” and acute inflammation
–Regeneration of epithelial covering and
formation of granulation tissue
–Deposition of collagen and resorption of
capillaries
–Formation of scar

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12
Q

What is the healing process of Epithelial ulceration

A

Similar to that of Skin wound healing

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13
Q

What is the steps for Bone fracture

A

⎼Haematoma formation and inflammation
⎼Demolition
⎼Granulation tissue formation
⎼Callus formation
⎼Formation of lamellar bone
⎼Remodelling

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14
Q

What is haematoma

A

Local bleeding outside blood vessel

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15
Q

What is callus

What forms it

What is it’s function

Other than the cell forming the callus, what else will be active to remodel the bone

A

A soft callus (a type of soft bone) replaces the blood clot that formed in the inflammatory stage.

Osteoblast

Bridge the gap between the 2 bone fractures

Osteoclast

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16
Q

What will happen to the callus with the aim to harden it

A

Mineralization

17
Q

What will replace the Callus afterwards

A

Laminar bone

18
Q

What is meant by primary intention healing

A

To seal the wond / cut directly

19
Q

What is healing by secondary intention

A

Open wound

20
Q

What is the differenfce between healing by secondary adn primary intention

A

Healing by secondary intention involves:
⎼ greater tissue loss
⎼more inflammatory exudate and necrotic
material to remove
⎼more granulation tissue
⎼wound contraction
-Slower process
-Increased Liability to infection

21
Q

What are the factors that affect healing

A

Local Factors
– Type of wound
– Apposition of wound margin
– Blood supply
– Infection
– Presence of foreign body in wound
– Previous irradiation

22
Q

What conditons will have adverse effect on wound healing

A

⎼ poor nutrition
* protein deficient
* Vitamin C deficient
⎼ steroid administration
⎼ systemic diseases
* diabetes mellitus, renal failure, cachexia

23
Q

What can accelerate healing

A

UV light

24
Q

Name 7 complications of wound healing

A

Infection
Keloid formation
Weak scar
Painful scar
Pigmentization
Wound Dishiscence (爆綫）

Cicatrization (the contraction of fibrous tissue formed at a wound site by fibroblast)

25
Q

What is the complication for lung tissue if acute inflammation occurs with extracellular matrix intact?

A

It becomes normal after regeneration

26
Q

What is the complication for lung tissue if extracellular matrix is damaged?

A

It undergoes fibrosis to cause interstitial fibrosis

27
Q

What is the complication if the heart has acute inflammation

A

It undergoes fibrosis to cause myocardial scar

28
Q

If the Liver has its tissue architecture damaged, what is the complication

A

Cirrhosis

29
Q

What are the regenerative capacity of cartilage and tendon

A

Poor
Good but slow

30
Q

What is the regenerative capacity of muscle

A

None in cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle regenerate by “Satellite cell”
smooth muscle have greatest capacity

31
Q

Are mature neurons regenerative

What is the complication brought by nerve transection

How can the neuronal connection be re-estabilished

A

No as they are permanent cell

Wallerian degeneration

re-growth and re-organization of cell processes of surviving neurons

32
Q

What does Wallerian degeneration consist of

What does Regeneration involves

A

Total degeneration of axon and secondary demyelination

Regeneration involves
* Schwann cell proliferation and sprouting of axons

33
Q

What are the 2 important properties of Stem cells

A

self-renewal, asymmetric division

34
Q

How to obtain embryonic stem cell

A

Obtained from inner cell mass of trophoblast 4 days after fertilization

35
Q

What are the 5 properties of Embryonic Stem Cells

A

– Versatile and can be cultured more rapidly
– More difficult to induce into the specific tissues
desired
– Risk of rejection as foreign tissue
– Danger of forming tumors
– Danger of transmission of infection

36
Q

What is the 4 property of adult stem cell

A

⎼More finite life span
⎼Easier to coax into specialization
⎼Less risk of uncontrollable growth of tumors
⎼Less risk of immune rejection

37
Q

Which type of stem cell has no sucessful case in human treatment

A

Embryonic stem cell

MBBS IASM (24 decks)

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